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rb)
New York State College of Agriculture
At Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y.
Library
The plants of Southern New Jersey with
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000628309
WOODROW WILSON Governor of New Jersey
ANNUAL REPORT
or THE
NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM
Including a Report of the! Plants of Southern New Jersey, With Especial Reference to the Flora of the(Pine Barrens, )
1910
TRENTON, N. J. MacCrellish & Guigley, State Printers, Opposite Post Office.
Igtl.
PART I.
(3)
Commissioners of the New Jersey State Museum.
State Supt. o- Pusiic Instruction, CHARLES J. BAXTER, President.
Srate Grotocrst, HENRY B. KUMMEL, Secretary. PresIpDENT State Boarp oF AcricuLture, E. B. VOORHEES. PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE, JOSEPH S. FRELINGHUYSEN. SPEAKER OF THE HouskE or AssEMBLY, HARRY P. WARD. SILAS R. MORSE, Curator,
Heads of the Several Departments of the New Jersey State Museum.
C. J. BAXTER, State SUPERINTENDENT OF Pusric INstRUCTION, Educational.
E. B. VOORHEES, Rutcers Conrcs, Agriculture.
HENRY B. KUMMEL, State Geotocist, Geology.
JOHN C. SMOCK, Ex-Srats GEorocist, orestry.
JOHN B. SMITH, State Enromotoctst, Entomology.
JAMES T. MORGAN, Deruty or Bureau oF Lazor Sratistics, Manufactures.
WILLIAM H. WERNER, Tavidermist of Museum.
HERBERT M. LLOYD, Srcretary of GEoLocicaL SuRVEY, Archeology.
(5)
Letter of Transmittal.
Trenton, N. J., November 30th, 1910. To the Honorable John Franklin Fort, Governor of the State of New Jersey:
Srr.—lI have the honor to present, for the Com- missioners of the New Jersey State Museum, the annual report, including a Report on The Plants of Southern New Jersey, with especial references to
the Flora of the Pine Barrens. SILAS R. MORSE,
Curator.
(7)
Curator’s Report.
For the educational part of our Report for 1910, we have taken a subject that will, we think, be not only interesting, but beneficial, to our schools, and to a large number of people of the State.
It is well known that the Flora of Southern New Jersey is an interesting subject, one that should to a certain extent be taught in our public schools. We have had many requests for information on this subject, but have never been able to give any printed work giving the information desired. To present this subject we have selected a gentleman who has made a study of it for many years, one whose statements can be relied upon, Mr. Witmer Stone of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Phila- delphia, Pa., who gave us such good reports on the Mammals, and the Birds, their Nests and Eggs.
Our intention was to publish with this report a paper on the Fresh and Salt Water Shell Fish of New Jersey, but we found that it would make too large a volume, so have concluded to defer that subject until 1911 for our next Annual Report. It is to be compiled by Mr. Silas C. Wheat, who has devoted much time to this subject in collections and study.
The Report for 1908, “The Birds, Their Nests and Eggs,” has met with much praise and has been in great demand. It is used as a reference book in most of the public schools. It was placed in nearly all of the public school libraries and State Public Libraries. We exchange reports with a great many of the United States Departments at Washington, and with many of the Public Museums and institutions similar to our own, and also with several of the principal colleges and libraries in the United States. We are thus collecting a valuable library for the New Jersey State Museum.
(9)
10 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
The demand for some of our reports in several of the State Libraries has been so great that we have supplied them with several copies of the same report.
We have been assured by many superintendents and teachers that the reports have awakened a great interest on the subjects of which they treat.
VISITORS.
There has been a decided increase in the number of visitors in the past year at the museum. A large number of the school teachers have brought their classes to see and study the specimens of natural history. It is still visited by many of the Normal and Model School students for study of the many specimens. It is considered a great help to have such an institution to visit and study.
THE COLLECTIONS.
The collections of New Jersey minerals is one of the best and most complete in the State, containing a great many speci- mens. We have had the minerals re-arranged and labeled, which makes it much more interesting and beneficial to the student.
The collection of birds of New Jersey is quite extensive. There are only a very few of the specimens that we do not have, and that number is getting smaller very fast. We hope to have nearly all by another year.
We have added several new specimens to the Mammal collec- tion until there are only a very few species that are not repre- sented by a specimen. One of the recent additions is a very young deer, which was only five days old when it died. We were able to get this specimen through the courtesy of the Chair- man of the Fish and Game Commission of the State of Maine, as we did several groups of beavers and other specimens. ‘This Commission has always been very kind to New Jersey, which is greatly appreciated by the management of the Museum.
MORE ROOM NEEDED.
We have urged the need of more room in several of our other reports, but as yet do not see when we will get it. Last winter
REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 11
the Legislature made an appropriation to buy more land, which we think has been purchased, and we hope our prospects for additional room is brighter than last year. That it will come sometime is our prayer.
If we could have the room necessary the Museum could be made much more useful and interesting. We are so crowded now that the specimens cannot be displayed to an advantage. If they could be, the value of the Museum would be greatly en- hanced. Although we have very valuable exhibits from the educational exhibits for the past thirty-two years, yet for the want of room they cannot be shown properly; therefore, much of the benefit they would give is lost.
The intention of the Museum Commission was to have more work from the schools each year, which we now are unable to get for the want of space to display it. It also intended to have a department of agriculture and manufacture, but for the same reason, want of room, we cannot carry it out. Take one branch of manufacture, the Potteries, could make one of the best and most interesting exhibits in the Museum. The same could be said of many other New Jersey industries. New Jersey is rich in its manufactures and its agricultural products.
List of Publications Received.
The Vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin, N. Y. Cornell University.
The Trees and Birds, Free Public Library of Newark, N. J.
Proceedings of the American Association of Museums for 1909.
Park Museum Bulletin for Nov—Dec. 1909, Roger Williams Park.
The Apteryx for January, 1905, Roger Williams Park Museum.
The Apteryx for April, 1905, Roger Williams Park Museum.
The Apteryx for July, 1905, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Monograph No. 14, Check List of the Birds of Rhode Island, Roger Wil- liams Park Museum.
Monograph No. 15, The Reptiles and Batrachians of Rhode Island, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Monograph No. 17, ‘he Land and Fresh Water Shells of Great Britain, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Bulletin No. 1, September, 1904, Instructions for Collection and Mounting Insects, also a Check List of the Coleoptera of the State of Rhode Island, U. S. A. Roger Williams Park Museum.
Bulletin No. 1, October, 1904, A Numbered Check List of North American Unionide, Roger Williams Park Museum.
12 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Bulletin No. 3, November, 1904, Preparation and Use of Kerosene Emul- sion, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Bulletin No. 4, December, 1904, The Making of an Herbarium, Roger Wil- liams Park Museum.
Bulletin No. 7, March, 1905, The Metropolitan Park System of Providence, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Bulletin No. 8, April, 1905, Check List of the Minerals of Rhode Island, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Bulletin 9, May, 1905, The Cambrian Deposits of North Attleboro, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Bulletin 10, June, 1905, The American Osprey, Roger Williams Park Museum.
Bulletin 11, July, 1905, Water-Mites and How to Collect Them, Roger Wil- liams Park Museum. :
Bulletin 12, August, 1905, Unios of New England, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin 13, September, 1905, Sphingide of Rhode Island, Roger Williams Park Museum. ; Forty-first Annual Report of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
American Museum Journal, Vol. 9, American Museum of Natural History, New York,
American Museum Journal for January, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal for February, 1909, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal for March, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal for April, 1909, American Museum of Natural
History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal for May, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal for October, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. *
American Museum Journal for November, 1909, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal for December, 1909, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y.
The Collection of Minerals, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
North American Ruminants, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
The Musical Instruments of the Incas, July, 1903, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
The Insect-Calls of the Vicinity of New York City, October, 1904, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
The Reptiles of the Vicinity of New York City, July, 1905, American Mu- seum of Natural History, N. Y.
The Batrachians of the Vicinity of New York City, October, 1905, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
The Birds of the Vicinity of New York City, April and July, 1906, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 13
A Guide to the Sponge Alcove, October, 1906, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y.
The Foyer Collection of Meteorites, December, 1907, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
The Habitat Bird Groups, February, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
The Indians -of Manhattan Island and Vicinity, September, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
Stokes Paintings Representing Greenland Eskimo, November, 1909, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, January, to10, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, February, 1910, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, March, 1910, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. :
American Museum Journal, April, 1910, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, May, 1910, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, October, 1910, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American. Museum Journal, January, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, February, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, March, 1908, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y.
American Museum Journal, April, 1908, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y. ,
American Museum Journal, May, 1908, American Museum of Natural His-
tory, N. Y. American Museum Journal, October, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, November, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1900. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1gor. Alnnual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1902. Annual Report of the American:Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1903. annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1904. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1905. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1906. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.,. 1907.
Oyster Culture, Experiments and Investigations in Louisiana, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C.
Chemical and Biological Survey of the Waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, September, 1909.
Bulletin of the Houston Museum and Scientific Society, 1910.
14 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Fortieth Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, 1908.
Bulletin of the Charleston Museum, Vols. 1-5, 1905-1900.
Stala Vystava Skolskav Praze, Jeji vznik a vyvoj Od R. 1879 do R. 1909.
Bulletin No. 3, of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Metal- Glass Museum Cases of the Wistar Institute.
Penn. Museum and School of Industrial Arts, 34th Annual Report. ee.
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey, 1910, ‘The Crawfishes of Michi- gan, The Insect Calls of Michigan, The Birds of School Girl’s Glen Region, Ann Arbor, Mich, and A Preliminary List of the Sites of Aboriginal Remains in Michigan.
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Report for 1909.
Victoria, British Columbia, Guide to Anthropological Collection in the Provincial Museum.
Catalogue of the Frederick Gallatin, Jr., Collection of Books on Ornithology.
Report of the Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored Youths.
State Board of Education of N. J., 55th Annual Report and Catalogue of the State Normal School, at Trenton, N. J.
Catalogue of Canadian Birds, Canada Department of Mines, Geological
Survey Branch.
University of Illinois Bulletin, November 14, 1909, Register 1909-1910.
University of Illinois Bulletin, December 12, 1909, Test of Timber Beams.
Bulletin of Charleston Museum, Vol. 5, No. 8, December, 1909.
Report of Curator of University of Michigan Museum, December, 1909.
Annotated List of The Birds of Point Pelee, R. A. Taverner.
Report of the Field Museum of Natural History, December, 1909.
The Anura of Ithaca, N. Y.. A Key to Their Eggs, January, 1909.
The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca, January, 1910.
University of Illinois, Agriculture Experimental Station, Circular 140.
University of Illinois, Agriculture Experimental Station, Bulletin 143.
Further Observations on the Nervous System of the American Leopard Frog, Compared with that of the European Frogs, Wistar Institute, February, 1910.
A Mathematical Treatment of Some Biological Problems, Wistar Iinstitute, February, 1910.
On The Lengths of the Internodes in the Sciatic Nerve of Rana Temporaris and Rame Pipiens; Being a Re-examination by Biometric Methods of the Data studied by Boycott and Takahashi, Wistar Institute, February, 1910.
Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y.
The Zoological Bulletin, Penn. Department of Agriculture.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, February, 1910.
Bulletin of the Charleston Museum, February, 1910.
T'wenty-seventh Annual Report of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, February, 1910.
The Numismatist, March, 1910.
Second Biennial Report, Louisiana State Museum, sgt!o.
Bulletin of Charleston Museum, March, 1910.
University of Illinois Bulletin, March, 1910.
The Zoological Bulletin, Penn. Department of Agriculture, March, 1910.
REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 1;
Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1910.
Bulletin of N. Y. Zoological Society, March, 1gr1o.
The Numismatist, April 1, 1910.
Bulletin of Charleston Museum, April, roro.
Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Washtenaw County, Michigan Uni- versity.
A Synoptic List of the Fishes known to Occur Within Fifty Miles of Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, April, 1910.
Further New Mammals from British East Africa, Field Museum of Natural History, April 7, 1910.
Bulletin of the Penn. Museum, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., April, 1910.
The Zoological Bulletin, Penn. Department of Agriculture, April and May.
On the Percentage of Water in the Brain and in the Spinal Cord of the Albino Rat, Wistar Institute, April, roto.
Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., April.
Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, April, 1910.
Introduction of the Hungarian Partridge into the United States, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1910.
Private Game Preserves and Their Future in the United States, U. S. Department of Agriculture, May, rgro.
Progress of Game Protection, U. S. Department of Agriculture, May, r1gto.
Bulletin of the Charleston Museum, May, Igto.
University of Illinois Bulletin No. 34, May, 1910.
Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 144, May, 1910.
Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society, May, 1gro.
Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, Vol. L, Article 1, June, rgto.
The Numismatist, June, rgro.
The Effects of Various Fixatives on the Brain of the Albino Rat, With an Account of a Method of Preparing this Material for a Study of the Cells in the Cortex, Wistar Institute, June, 1910.
Academy Notes, Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, July, 1910.
A Naturalist in the Straits of Magellan, C. H. Townsend.
Bulletin of the N. Y. Zoological Society, July, 1910.
Bulletin of the Penn. Musuem, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa, July, IQIO. ‘
The Numismatist, July, rgro.
University of Michigan Bulletin.
Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, July, 1g1o.
University of Illinois Bulletin, August, 1910.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Circular 74.
Game Laws for 1910, U. S. Department of Agriculture, September, 1910.
The Numismatist, September, 1910.
Notes on Michigan Reptiles and Amphibians, A. G. Ruthven.
Report Upon the Progress of the Biological Work of the Michigan Geologi- cal and Biological Survey, A. G. Ruthven.
Museum News, Central Museum Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., October, IQIO,
16 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Bulletin of the Penn. Museum, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., October,
IQIO.
Bulletin of Charleston Museum, October, rgro.
The Logical Point, October, 1910. The Logical Point, November, 1910.
Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y.
November, 1910.
Addition to the Museum Specimens by Purchase.
BIRDS.
Set of Flamingoes.
Bald Eagle.
Philadelphia Vireo, M. & F. Western Sandpiper. American Golden Plover, M. Hairy Woodpecker, M. Traills Flycatcher.
Orchard Oriole.
Vesper Sparrow.
Swamp Sparrow.
Dickissel.
Bank Sparrow.
Rough Winged Swallow. Warbling Vireo.
Orange Crowned Warbler. Wilson’s Warbler. Sharp-billed Marsh Wren. Wilson’s Thrush.
Redhead, M.
Long-billed Curlew, F.
BIRD EGGS.
Cooper’s Hawk. Short Eared Owl. Whip-poor-Will. Chuck-will’s Widow. Olive-sided Flycatcher. American Magpie. Bobolink.
Brewers Blackbird. Purple Finch. American Goldfinch. English Sparrow. Field Sparrow. Painted Bunting. Migrant Shrike. Red-eyed Vireo.
White-eyed Vireo. Black-throated Green Warbler. Maryland Yellow-throat. Carolina Wren.
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Western Robin.
Murre.
Gadwall.
Baldpate.
American Bittern. Great-blue Heron. American Egert.
Green Heron.
American Avocet. Gambles Partridge. Ground Dove.
American Osprey. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Wilson’s Snipe. Dowitcher.
Ruff.
Belted Kingfisher. American Sparrow Hawk. American Hawk Owl. Skylark.
Cowbird.
Baltimofe Oriole. Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Henslow’s Sparrow.
Blue Grosbeak.
Blue Winged Warbler. Kentucky Warbler. Brown Thrasher. Long-billed Marsh Wren. Double-Crested Comorant. Water Thrush.
Carolina Wren. White-breasted Nuthatch.
REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 17
Tufted Titmouse. Cerulean Warbler.
Pine Warbler.
Canadian Warbler. House Wren.
Pintail.
Brown-headed Nuthatch. Purple Finch.
Glaucous Scull. Northern Parula Warbler. Carolina Chickadee. Rose-breasted Nuthatch. Leach’s Petrel. White-crowned Sparrow. Semi-palmated Plover. Mocking Bird.
Wood Thrush.
Cardinal Bird.
Green Heron.
Black-crowned Night Heron.
Ruffled Grouse. English Sparrow. White-bellied See King Fisher. American Redstart.
Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Red-eyed Viero. Bank Swallow.
Grass Finch.
Blue Bird.
Chebec.
Wood Pewee. Chipping Sparrow. Goldfinch.
Summer Yellow Bird. American Crow. Red-shouldered Hen Hawk. Song Sparrow.
Black & White Creeping Warbler. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Cedar Bird.
American Robin. Crimson Finch.
Wilson Thrush.
Indigo Bird.
Goldfinch. Whip-poor-Will. Red-eyed Vireo.
Brown Thrush.
King Bird.
Yellow Warbler.
Blue Jay.
Maryland Yellow Throat. Red-winged Blackbird. Black-billed Cuckoo. Oven Bird.
Barn Swallow.
Phoebe.
Baltimore Oriole.
Cat Bird.
Chick-a-dee.
Flicker.
Bobolink.
Eave Swallow.
Downy Woodpecker.
MAMMALS,
Fawn.
Albino Virginia Deer. 2 Red Squirrels. Weasel.
2 Moles.
FISH. Gar Fish.
Prof. Austin C. Apgar died March 4th, 1908.
Three years have passed.
When his death came so suddenly
the thoughts that occurred to every one were of how much he would be missed from the different activities with wHich he had ‘been so intimately associated: the Normal School where he had taught for over forty years, the scientific associations with which the had worked, the authors’ circle in which he had been an
2 MUS
18 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
attractive figure, the church where he had worshiped, and the social circle that he had illumined.
The three years that have passed have given opportunity for the emotions of grief to soften and yield a place to the clearing recognition of his actual service in bringing the public mind to a better understanding of that which is—relatively speaking— of real value in education.
Prof. Apgar came to his thoughtful period in young manhood at a time when the general character of education in all of the schools was largely abstract, categorical, given to symbols. Very much time was spent in calling letters and sounds and words in language and numbers and problems in mathematics and in talking a great deal about traditions and fancies that had come as an inheritance to the schools from the old philosophies and fictions, and very little time was given to the study in any satisfactory manner of the real problems with which the pupil was surrounded and which were to make up the substance of his actual life.
Prof. Apgar’s young mind had what would be termed a prac- tical bent. He was born “close to nature’ in a country place. The first objects that presented themselves to his awakening senses were the trees, the flowers, the birds, and the animals of the field, and the first problems that presented themselves to his ‘mind were the solution of the uses of these objects of nature. He as naturally turned to these problems as a flower turns its face to the sun. It should be said of him that he was never a student of books, always a student of nature. Others went on field excursions as a matter of theory, and for the accomplish- ment of a special purpose. He was born in the fields. He could not tear himself from them, and his greatest delight was in lead- ing others to them.
There is at this time a large and growing demand for a more practical education, a nearer approach to real things, whether in mechanics, agriculture, horticulture, or social organization. As one studies and appreciates this demand and lends his sympathy and support to it, how Prof. Apgar’s practices and teachings come back with renewed force and significance. His plant les- sons, in which the children were taught to see the actual processes
REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 19
of germination, what moisture in fertilization and soil conditions meant to growing vegetation, were suggestions of the greater movements and activities of the universities and scientific socie- ties of to-day in their efforts through the pure food laws, and so forth, to establish through chemical analyses the values of fertil- izers in restoring the exhausted qualities of the soils, and in producing through irrigation, grafting, exchanging of seeds, and so on, the adaptation of conditions to needs, and the relations of soils to products.
This illustration of the suggestiveness of his work in plant life was paralleled in his studies of animal life, their foods, their habits, their uses.
Prof. Apgar belonged to the school of instructors who are now classed as formalists simply because they were really the dis- coverers and found it necessary to spend much time in naming and classifying the various objects of interest. In this capacity he was a pioneer in bringing to notice very much of that which is now recognized as true of the flora, the plants, the trees, and the fish life, and birds and other animals of our State, but over and above what he did in contributing to the benefits of mankind in directing them to see real uses and real adaptation, his person- ality will stand out in his recognition of real art in nature, and of the Divine Being in his works.
James M. Green.
Prof, Apgar was one of the strongest advocates and promo- ters for the establishment of the New Jersey State Museum. He was one of the best and most successful educators New Jersey has ever had. As the head of the Department of Birds and Flora, he did very excellent work in this department of the Mu- seum. As a true friend and an enthusiastic worker, we have known him personally for more than forty-five years. None knew him but to love him. His death was a great loss to the
State and to the Museum. S. R. MORSE,
Curator.
FAK) LI.
(21)
THE PLANTS
or
SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY
With Especial Reference to the
FLORA OF THE PINE BARRENS
And the Geographic Distribution of the Species
By WITMER STONE
Curator Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Fellow of the American Ornithologists’ Union, Member Philadelphia Botanical Club.
TRENTON, N. J. 1911.
PREFACE.
The writer began his botanical studies in Chester County, Pennsylvania, under the guidance of the classic Flora Cestrica of Dr. Darlington, and was fairly familiar with the plant life of this portion of the Piedmont country before he ever visited the Coastal Plain to the eastward. The first trip to the Pine Bar- rens, at Egg Harbor City, July 21, 1889, he will probably never forget. It was one of those delightful little excursions of botanists which, once a week, left Philadelphia for a day’s tramp, under the leadership of the late Dr. J. Bernard Brinton. Nearly everything was new, and the contrast between the flow- ers of this wonderful Pine country and the more prosaic flora of Pennsylvania’s agricultural district made an impression and started an inquiry that were largely responsible for the produc- tion of the present volume.
Other work, however, interfered for some years with the prosecution of botanical studies of any sort, and it remained for a joint meeting of the Philadelphia and Torrey Botanical Clubs, at Toms River, July 4th, 1900, to provide the stimulus which led to definite plans for a Flora of the Pine Barrens. The interim had witnessed a wonderful change in the status of American botany. The Illustrated Flora had appeared, and under its stim- ulus botanists were even daring to find new species right at home and to describe them as new, without regard to what Gray’s Manual might have to say on the subject. The old solid board field-presses, covered with oilcloth and provided with carpet-bag handles, which had superseded the historic vasculum at the time of the Egg Harbor trip, had been supplanted by light slat presses, and, instead of carrying into the field twenty- five felt dryers and a like number of folders and exhausting one’s gray matter in deciding just which twenty-five plants we should select for specimens, we now carried afield only folders
(25)
26 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
or single sheets, but enough to enable us to preserve 150 speci- mens, if necessary.
The writer’s collections and notes on the South Jersey plants accumulated rapidly, and the arrangement of the data was for- tunately well under way when Professor Morse offered to pub- lish them, as part of his annual Museum Report. The basis of the present work is the field work of the author and his friends, the South Jersey material in the herbaria listed below and the published records contained in the several botanical works dealing with the region. Wherever possible, an actual her- barium specimen is cited for every locality mentioned under each species, so that questions of correct identification can readily be settled in the future by consulting this material. This plan has been followed even in the cases of common species, since general statements leave much to be desired that is sometimes supplied by actual records. The number of records is, however, no index to the relative abundance of a species, this matter being covered by the preliminary statement based upon much additional field data. The statements regarding the occurrence and abundance of the wide-ranging species in northern New Jersey, are taken direct from Britton’s Catalogue. Published records not backed by actual specimens cannot well be ignored, and they have, in nearly all cases, been included in the text. When they. have been proven to be wrong, or seem exceedingly doubtful, they are referred to in foot-notes, and where there seems no reason to question their accuracy they are included with the other rec- ords, but distinctly marked as to their source. In rare cases of exceedingly difficult groups where such records are of no par- ticular additional value to the definite knowledge already pos- sessed, and where the exact application of the names used is in doubt, they have been omitted.
LIST OF HERBARIA,
Academy of Natural Sciences——The Local Herbarium coy- ering roughly an area of seventy miles around Philadelphia, was begun in 1891, upon the founding of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, by the donation of a collection belonging to Isaac C. Mar-
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 27
tindale, one of the founders of the club. The members imme- diately began to contribute specimens, the most important South Jersey collections coming from J. H. Grove, of New Egypt; Charles D. Lippincott, of Swedesboro; and Benjamin Heritage, of Mickleton; other contributors being Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, Albrecht Jahn, Charles S. Williamson.
Soon after, Dr. Ida A. Keller presented her entire local her- barium. Of later years, extensive collections were made by Sam’l S. VanPelt and Bayard Long, while numerous contributions were received from Edwin B. Bartram, Dr. John W. Eckfeldt, W. A. Poyser, Henry A. Lang, Francis W. Pennell, Stewardson Brown, George W. Bassett, Witmer Stone. Upon the death of the veteran botanist, Mr. Charles EF. Smith, his entire collection of local plants was bequeathed to the Academy andi added to the herbarium.
The general herbarium of the Academy contained New Jersey material collected by all the famous botanists from the time of Nuttall and Pursh down, but outside of Nuttall’s collection and those of S. W. Conrad, of Burlington, and Dr. Joseph Carson, and W. Wynne Wister, there were probably no complete her- baria, the specimens being duplicates or special donations. Such material was received from Diffenbaugh, Pickering, Read, Du- rand, Z. Collins, A. H. Smith, Canby, Parker, and Burk. Later on, the valuable local herbaria of Stewardson Brown, Joseph Crawford and Alexander MacElwee, were presented to the Academy, all rich in South Jersey material, while C. F. Saunders presented a number of specimens.
In 1910 and 1911, all of the local material in the general her- barfium was incorporated in the local herbarium, which has thus become one of the most complete and extensive local collections in America.
Since 1903, this local herbarium has been under the care of Mr. S. 9. VanPelt, aided during the past two years by Mr. Bay- , ard Long, both of whom volunteered their services and have brought the collection to its present high standard. The thou- sands of plants which they have themselves collected, and which Mr. Van Pelt has so carefully mounted, are unsurpassed as her- barium specimens.
28 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
The South Jersey material contained in this herbarium has been carefully estimated at 14,000 sheets. For permission to avail myself of its riches, I am under obligations to the Academy and the Club and for various aid and assistance, to Mr. Steward- son Brown, Conservator of the Botanical Section in charge of the Academy’s herbaria, and to Messrs. VanPelt and Long.
Princeton University—Comprises the collection of Mr. Charles F. Parker, one of the best authorities on the flora of the Pine Barrens, and a number of other New: Jersey plants, received from various sources. Mr. Parker’s herbarium contains probably 3,000.specimens from the region covered by the present report, including nearly all those which served as the basis for the records published in Britton’s catalogue, on the authority of Parker. The majority of the specimens were carefully examined, especially those mentioned by Britton. For this privilege I am indebted to Prof. George Macloskie.
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.—This contains the herba- rium of Mr, Isaac Martindale, containing a great many New Jersey specimens, only a small portion examined.
University of Pennsylvania.—tThis herbarium: contains the private herbaria of Dr. Joseph Leidy, Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, Isaac Burk, all of them rich in South Jersey plants, and valuable collections made by Dr. J. M. Macfarlane: and Dr. John W. Harshberger. There are approximately 3,500 specimens from our region.
For permission to examine this collection I am indebted to the last two gentlemen.
New Jersey Geological Survey. —This herbarium, preserved at New Brunswick, consists of some 5,000 sheets, probably half of them from our area, and forms the basis of Dr. N. L. Britton’s catalogue of New Jersey plants published by the survey in 1883. Prof. B. D. Halstead gave me every facility for making a careful examination of the collection.
State Museum, Trenton, N. J—Two important herbaria be- long to this institution. (1) That of Mr. C, S. Gross, formerly of Landisville, containing about 2,000 sheets of plants from this vicinity, Pancoast, Pleasant Mills, Mays Landing, ee. (2) That of Prof. Austin P. Apgar, formerly of Trenton.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 29
-. Torrey Botanical Club.—Contains epee 2,000 sheets from within our range.
Witmer Stone.—A local herbarium containing 5,000 sheets of southern New Jersey plants, obtained during the past ten years. Many of the collections were made in company with Mr. Van Pelt and other members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, and much’ of the material is duplicated in the Academy’s herbarium. - Bayard Long.—A herbarium of the plants of Long Beach Island, comprising 2,000 specimens.. Most of Mr. Long’s collec- tions have been presented to the Academy, but this series he ‘has retained for study. a
Benjamin Heritage —Contains a full series of plants from the country about Mickleton and a number from other parts of our region,
Charles D. Lippincott _A ‘fine series of the plants of Sade: boro and vicinity and. many from other parts of southern New Jersey.
O. H. Brown.—A very fill.collection of the plants of lower Cape May County; probably 2,500 specimens.
Portions of the Herbaria of Dr. Thos..S. Githens, of Philadel-
phia (since presented to the Academy) ; Dr. Joseph Stokes, of Moorestown; Messrs..M. and A. N. Leeds, and Mr. C. S. Wil- liamson, of Philadelphia, have also been examined.
Number of sheets of southern New Jersey plants examined in connection with the a oF this report: Academy of Natural Sic: Philadelphia, Bees ie nvicheetare tha Bans 14,000
Herbarium of Witmer SLOG: agiage layed sommes us vane iarong ies yes . 5,000 N. J. State Herbarium, New Brunswick, Lue ees Sait beatae whale weather 2,000 N. J. State Herbarium, Trenton, .........; ka aston Kan feesiginendier mae NG 1,000 Herbarium Torrey Botanical Club, -....... Sea avec’ eee ane ohe 1,000 Herbarium of Princeton University, ...........-- oe pea eye ees 2,000 Herbarium of University of Pennsylvania, ht ae ay wes ie $3 Se ++ 2,000 Herbarium of Bayard. Long, ...0.6....065 Ae ane Teh RL SEA 2,000 Herbarium of Chas. D. Lippincott, ........ iatena ga E vaupenad Geir ee tes 1,000 Herbarium of Benj.. Heritage, .........--...6005. Reena edu uiens .» 1,000 Herbarium of O. H. Brown ........ccce cece eee renee ees bo acestaca ate ae 1,000
Herbaria of Dr. Thos. S. Githens and others, .......... adie cen “24+ 1,000
ae
30 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Much field work has been planned and carried out in connec- tion with the preparation of this report, which has resulted in the addition of many thousands of specimens to the herbaria of the Philadelphia Academy and the writer, and added greatly to his understanding of the several botanical regions here con- sidered and their relationships. ;
At the time of Dr. Brinton’s weekly field trips, certain historic localities were visited year after year, with the object of obtain- ing special desirable species known to occur there. The distribu- tion of the various plants appealed more especially to the writer, and he realized the necessity of broader field work in order to secure data for this line of study. He therefore made efforts to visit as many new localities each year as possible, selecting spots that from their location on the map looked promising. This work was ably seconded later by Messrs. S. S. Van Pelt and Bayard Long. Some of these excursions proved barren of results, but the majority added many additional stations for plants hitherto known from only a few localities. The collecting of common species was prosecuted quite as diligently as the search for rarities, since the herbaria were lamentably weal in their representation of well-known plants. The collecting) of series of specimens of the same species was not considered de- sirable in the old days, and the writer well remembers his good friend and preceptor, Mr. John H. Redfield,* conservator of the Academy’s botanical collections, carefully examining the herba- rium to see if there might be room on a sheet to mount an additional duplicate that had been recently obtained. If there were not, the specimen was generally rejected rather than use up a new sheet of mounting paper. One cannot but wonder what the older botanists would have thought of the vast herbaria of to-day, in which “genus covers” have been supplanted by “species covers,” so rapidly has material accumulated.
The accompanying map will show approximately the country covered by the field work of Messrs. Van Pelt, Long; and the
* 1815-1895. ‘To Mr. Redfield’s generous care the preservation of the many valuable herbaria at the Academy is largely due. He devoted many years of his life gratuitously to their care and arrangement at a time when such attention was imperative. Cf. Torrey Bull. XX. 162 for sketch of his life,
PLANTS OF SOUTHERIN NEW JERSEY. 31
writer, from 1900 to 1910, inclusive. Some localities were visited many times and at all seasons, others only once or twice, but constantly increasing knowledge of the conditions governing plant life in this region usvally made it possible to determine whether or not additional trips were worth while.
Fig. 1—Field work of Messrs. Van Pelt, Long and Stone, 1900-1910, indi- cated by heavy black lines. Circles indicate ground covered by resident botanists. :
The north central and northeastern portions of our area have been least studied, mainly because of their remoteness from Philadelphia, and also because their flora has but little bearing upon that of the Pine Barrens, with which this report is more
32 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
especially concerned. Further exploration of upper Monmouth and Burlington Counties would probably only add to the number of stations for the more boreal species, known to straggle down into the coastal plain, and would increase our knowledge of the true flora of the latter region but little.
At certain stations within our range we have been fortunate enough to have resident botanists who have become authorities on the plants of their home neighborhood, and who, by their collections (referred to above) and cordial co-operation, have rendered valuable assistance in this work—Messrs. J. H. Grove, of New Egypt; Benjamin Heritage, of Mickleton; Charles D. Lippincott, of Swedesboro; George W. Bassett, of Hammonton, and O. H. Brown, of Cape May.
The writer has made a rather exhaustive study of the flora about Medford, where, in conjunction with some fellow-natural- ists, he has maintained a cabin camp for some ten years past, to which trips of two to four days’ duration have been made at all seasons of the year and 750 specimens collected.
Mr. Bayard Long has made a similar study of the flora of Long Beach Island, where he has a summer home. Some 109 days have been spent here during the past few years and a collection of 2,000 specimens obtained:
Several wagon trips from Medford to the Plains have been taken by the writer and some fellow-naturalists, one of a week’s duration, others of two or three days, and two visits of several days’ duration were made to Farmingdale in May and July, 1910, by Messrs. S. Brown, B. Long, VanPelt and Stone, of the Phila- delphia Botanical Club, and Mr. Norman Taylor, of the Torrey Club.
With the exception of the above the collecting trips have been one-day affairs. Trips made by Messrs. Long, VanPelt and Stone during the past ten years number 329; some were indi- vidual trips, others were participated in by two or three, while additional members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club often took part, especially Messrs. Stewardson Brown, Charles S. William- son, Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, Francis W. Pennell, George W. Bassett and O. H. Brown, to all of whom the writer is indebted for valu- able assistance.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 33
The writer has also traveled over all the railroads traversing South Jersey, and car-window data and general note-book records of conspicuous species have been used as supplementary evi- dence in estimating abundance in the general statements accom- panying each species.
The entire series of South Jersey plants in the Academy her- barium was gone over critically by the writer in 1908, and subse- quently much of this material has been reviewed by Mr. Bayard Long and many difficult groups have been worked over by one or both of the above. Other questions of the identity of various South Jersey species have been investigated by members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, whose work has been of the greatest benefit to the writer. In this connection, too, he must express his indebtedness to a number of botanists who have directly or in- directly aided his work by identifying material sent to them or by examining specimens in their institutions—Prof. M. L. Fernald, Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. J. K. Small, Mr. Norman Taylor, Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, Mrs. Agnes Chase, Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.
The statements on the time of flowering and fruiting of each species have been drawn up almost entirely by Mr. Bayard Long from the Academy Herbarium, his own and that of the writer. The results form an exceedingly valuable contribution to a sub- ject that is too often treated loosely and accompanied by little or no original research. Mr. Long has prepared some account of the methods employed and the objects sought in this investiga- tion, which will be found on p. 115.
As explained beyond (p. 70), ecologic problems have neces- sarily received scant attention, the aim of the work being to present facts of distribution from a geographic point of view for all plants of the region as a necessary preliminary to more com- prehensive discussions of both geographic and ecologic distribu- tion in the future.
While a local flora such as the present one is of the greatest assistance to the student, it is impossible to expect it to take the place of a Manual. Every botanist must have access to either Britton’s Manual, the new Gray’s Manual or one of the more
3 MUS
34 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
popular works of like character. The present work is to be i garded as supplementary to these, to show exactly what species are present in southern New Jersey and their distribution and relative abundance.
Popular or historical accounts of some of the more striking or noted species are added, however, and to meet the request of the Museum authorities, keys, which are in some cases unavoidably based on the same characters as those of the manuals, but in others largely original and supplementary to the latter have been prepared, and vernacular names given for each species.
So far as the resources of the library of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences of Philadelphia have permitted, the original place of publication has been looked up, the reference verified and the type locality stated. Where the latter is general or where several localities are mentioned no attempt has been made to sift the matter to the bottom, since this usually involves the selection or examination of a type specimen, as so admirably explained in Hitchcock’s paper on the types of North American grasses and in the monograph of the genus Panicum by Hitchcock and Chase. About one hundred additional references to volumes not in Philadelphia were verified at the New York Botanical Garden with the courteous aid of Dr. J. H. Barnhart, and a few others at Cambridge by Prof. M. L. Fernald. Only one refer- ence remains unverified (p. 527).
As to nomenclature the botanist in America, at least, is on the horns of a dilemma. He can follow either the Vienna Code* ‘or the American Code.+ Should he be also a zodlogist he will prob- ably find it quite impossible to accept certain of the features of these codes which are at variance with the International Zoologi- cal Code (virtually identical with the A. O. U. Code).
The broad problems of Zodlogical and Botanical nomencla- ture are identical. The zodlogists have been “playing the game” seriously, longer than the botanists, and it seems logical to infer that, with the same tools to work with and the same object in view, men of the same intellectual ability will eventually adopt
* Cf. Rhodora, March, 1907, pp. 29-55. +Cf. Bull. Torr, Bot. Club, April, 1907, pp. 167-178.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERIN NEW JERSEY. 35
the same methods. Ina great many particulars the recent botani- cal codes are already in accord with those framed by zodlogists.
The principal points in which they differ are as follows:
I. The Vienna Code believes in a list of generic “Nomina Con- servenda”’ which shall be excluded from the operations of the law of priority. Such reservation is not allowed by the Ameri- can or the Zodlogical Codes, and is contrary to the basic prin- ciple of our rules governing nomenclature.
II. The Vienna Code does not recognize the principle of types which constitutes the only possible basis for a stable nomencla- ture.
III. The Vienna Code places species and sub-species on differ- ent planes, so that a plant may bear one name if it is recognized as a species and another if it is called a sub-species. This plan was long ago rejected by zodlogists and was not adopted by the original American Botanical Code, although the later one has followed the Vienna Code in this respect, a distinctly retrograde step, in the opinion of the writer.
In the present report no attempt has been made to revise the nomenclature. ‘The names given in Britton’s Manual have been adopted except where changes have been suggested in subse- quent publications. In such instances an investigation has been made into the merits of the proposed change and a decision reached in accordance with the American Botanical Code, except in the treatment of species and sub-species in separate categories, a most pernicious rule which botanists will in all probability ulti- mately reject. The original spelling of each name has also been followed except in the case of obvious typographical errors, and all specific names have been written with a lower case initial let- ter, according to the custom prevalent among zodlogists, while only one authority, the authority of the specific or subspecific name has been given.
In the matter of genera considerable diversity of opinion exists as to how many it is desirable to admit, but no departure has here been made from those recognized in Britton’s Manual. The ques- tion is wholly one of individual opinion and involves the problem of just what use we propose to make of technical nomenclature. The more sub-genera we raise to generic rank the less meaning
36 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
do the names convey to the general botanist, as the mind’s capacity for retaining names is limited. On the other hand, if we wish to recognize every group which shows any slight difference of structure by a distinct generic name, we are building our nomenclature on a purely evolutionary basis; we are emphasiz- ing differences rather than resemblances between groups, and the generic name becomes less and less a clue to the systematic posi- tion of the plants which it comprises. Phylogenetic relationships can be expressed just as well by sub-generic headings in manuals, etc., and it is a serious question whether the objects of a generic name are not better attained if it is used in as broad a sense as possible.
The synonymy given under each species consists of the cita- tion of the original place, of publication, with the type locality in all cases where the reference has been personally verified, and all published references to the plant in southern New Jersey, mainly in Pursh’s Flora, Michaux’s Flora, Nuttall’s Genera, Bar- ton’s Flora and the catalogues of Knieskern, Willis, Britton, and Keller & Brown. In the last, as well as in the works of Barton and Willis, many general statements occur which are evidently in- tended to cover southern New Jersey, but unless this region is especially mentioned these references are not cited, since the state- ments are based largely upon conditions farther north or on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware, and do not apply at all to the region under consideration. Not a few of Dr. Britton’s general statements, too, while doubtless true for the northern part of the State, are quite erroneous for our region.
The illustrations are, all of them, made especially for this work. The full-page plates are from beautiful water-color paintings by Mr. Hugh E. Stone, which unfortunately lose much of their force in half-tone reproduction. Mr. Stone also prepared the line drawings. The smaller figures and views are from photographs taken by Messrs. Stewardson Brown, T. M. Lightfoot and Bayard Long, while the cones, grasses and sedges were photo- graphed from specimens under the author’s supervision.
To all those mentioned in the above pages, especially to Mr. Bayard Long, the writer wishes to express his obligations, as
PLANTS OF SOUTHERIN NEW JERSEY. 37
well as to Mr. Silas R. Morse, Curator of the New Jersey State Museum, for his assistance and encouragement.
Owing to the extremely short time available for the final prepa- ration of the manuscript and the rapidity with which it was put through the press, many minor errors and inconsistencies have, no doubt, crept in, which would have been avoided had there been more time for revision. Many additional records have also come to light too late to be included, but a work of this kind is never complete, and if it paves the way for more thorough work along similar lines, its purpose will have been accomplished.
WITMER STONE.
September I, IgII.
INTRODUCTION.
The object of this report is to present a complete list of the native plants known to grow in the coastal plain region of New Jersey, or, more exactly, in that part of the State lying south of the northern boundaries of Burlington and Monmouth counties, together with an outline of their distribution within this area and some account of the characteristics, habitat and history of the more important species.
The demand for such a report is threefold:
(1.) It supplies to teachers and students a local botany, to be used in conjunction with the general botanical manual, which must be in the hands of all; showing them exactly which of the plants described in the more general work are to be found in southern New Jersey, and in what sections they should be looked for.
(2.) It presents to botanists of New Jersey and elsewhere a study in geographical distribution, which may be used in connec- tion with similar reports from other parts of the country in solving the more general problems of the distribution of life.
(3.) It places on permanent record the present condition and history of one of the most interesting botanical areas in the United States; which is still one of the most extensive areas in the Middle States left in primeval condition, but which is rapidly undergoing the inevitable changes incident to deforestation, cul- tivation and settlement—the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.
LIFE ZONES AND FLORAL BELTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.*
It was the original intention to consider in this report only the flora of the Pine Barrens, but it soon became evident that a
*Cf, C. Hart Merriam, Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, 1-64, 1892. Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants, Nat. Geog. Mag., 1804, 229-238. Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants in North America, Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894, 203-214. ;
J. A. Allen, Geographic Distribution of North American Mammals, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, 199-244, 1892.
+ (39)
40 REPORT OF NEW JERSHY STATE MUSEUM.
proper understanding of its nature involved a thorough knowl- edge of the plants of the contiguous areas which, together with it, constitute the coastal plain section of the state. Furthermore, as it is necessary in a detailed study of distribution to have some definite boundary line, the limit above mentioned was selected. While this does not exactly coincide with the upper edge of the coastal plain, it comes quite close to it and does not include any of the higher ground above the fall line.
The coastal plain extends north of Burlington and Monmouth Counties to a line connecting Trenton and Bound Brook, thence to Passaic and Hackensack behind the Palisades, and includes all the low country adjacent to the Hackensack marshes as well as Staten Island, part of Long Island and the immediate coast district of southern New England. In New Jersey this involves parts of Mercer, Middlesex, Union, Hudson, Essex, Passaic and Bergen Counties, and, while the ranges of many southern New Jersey plants touch them all, the higher parts of these counties harbor so many northern plants that to include them would be confusing. Moreover, no southern plants occur in this northern extension of the coastal plain which do not also occur south of our boundary line.
This coastal plain region of New Jersey has always attracted the attention of naturalists because of the striking differences that are presented by its flora and fauna as compared with those of the higher ground of the Piedmont country to the north and west of it. ‘Pennsylvanians often liken it to a bit of the Southern: States that has been transported northward. Its climate in winter is certainly milder; there is rarely a heavy snowfall, and what does fall soon disappears, while many southern species of plants and insects and a few birds and mammals are found there which. are unknown to the west of Philadelphia or elsewhere beyond the fall line.
It may seem incongruous to find a “southern flora and fauna” by going eastward, as we do in the vicinity of Philadelphia, but this is easily explained when we examine a map of the life zones of North America. A's Dr. Merriam has shown, temperature is one of the chief—if not the chief—factors in fixing the bound- aries of these zones. If the surface of the earth were level, they
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 41
would encircle the globe like the parallels of latitude—the trop- ical zone at the equator, followed by the austral, transition, boreal and arctic as we pass toward the north pole. ‘The inter- ‘vention of a mountain chain, like the Alleghanies, however, run- ning in a general way at right angles to the life zones, materially alters their direction. The higher elevations carry the boreal zone far southward, while the other zones, covering successively lower altitudes, naturally run parallel to the general direction of the mountains. We therefore find (1) that the Boreal zone of Canada and upper Maine is in evidence on the higher mountain tops all the way to western North Carolina, the elevation neces- sary to support it becoming higher and higher as we go south- ward; (2) the Transition (Alleghanian) zone of our northern tier of States, which covers most of New England and New York, spreads southward over all of central Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey, and follows the mountains on both slopes to North Carolina, northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee; (3) the Upper Austral (Carolinian) zone, covering Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, sweeps southward, rounding the lower extremity of the Alleghanies, and then, bending northward again, flanks the Transition all the way to southeastern Pennsylvania and southern ' New Jersey, sending up terminal arms into the valleys of the Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson and Connecticut rivers, cover- ing Staten Island and western Long Island, and leaving its trace on the southern coast of New England. Below the Carolinian lies the Lower Austral zone (Austro-riparian), which covers the region between the seashore and a line drawn from the mouth of the Potomac to middle Georgia; thence it bends northward to the juncture of the Ohio and Mississippi, and thence southwest. The Cape Charles peninsula belongs to this zone, and a slight tinge is seen in the plant and bird life of southern Delaware and possibly of extreme southwestern New Jersey.
Consequently, with the life zones running northeast and south- west, we experience the same sequence of animal and plant life in traveling from the higher Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to the seacoast of southern New Jersey as we do in coming from Maine southward at sea level.
42 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLORA OF THE COASTAL PLAIN AND THAT OF THE PIEDMONT REGION.
The line separating the coastal plain from the Piedmont region to the west of it is known as the fall line and is marked through- out its extent by a more or less abrupt change of level. As already stated there is an appreciable difference in climatic con- ditions as we pass east or west of this line, and a more striking difference in soil conditions, the coastal plain being for the most part covered with sand and gravel in marked contrast to the heavier soils of the Piedmont. ‘There are also frequent rock outcrops and rapid tumbling streams in the latter region, which are entirely lacking in the flat stretches of southern New Jersey. Historically, too, there are ample reasons for differences between the two regions, as the vastly older land of the Piedmont area was undoubtedly covered with vegetation ‘before the coastal plain was elevated above the sea.
Hence it is not surprising that we should find a decided differ- ence in the plant life of these two areas.
In the life-zone maps issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, and based mainly upon the distribution of birds and mammals, we shall notice that the line of demarcation be- tween the Transition and Carolinian Zones is much further back towards the mountains than the line separating the coastal plain flora from that of the uplands. It is, however, well known that Carolinian birds and mammals are everywhere taking advantage of deforestation and cultivation to push northward, so that it is quite conceivable that the two lines may have been much more nearly identical in Pennsylvania and New Jersey under primeval conditions.
Whether the fall line ever did form the boundary between the faunal zones, there is no question but that it still marks a great change in plant life.
Farther south, however, it seems that a great many coastal plain plants range far west of the fall line, so that its effect upon distribution is less: potent southward or else it coincides in the north more nearly with a line of demarcation in plant life due to other influences.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 43
In plant distribution we have to reckon with other factors in addition to temperature, which are only indirectly instrumental in the distribution of vertebrate animals or are not at all in evidence.
(1) Soil conditions play a very important part in the distribu- tion of plants, and (2) the past geological changes in the region, which necessarily caused great alterations in the ranges of both animals and plants, have often left their mark in the isolated colonies of plants still found in spots far removed from the present general habitat of the species, while in the case of free moving animals such cases are rare.
It should also be borne in mind that the life-zones of to-day are not permanently fixed, but are constantly and gradually changing, and oftentimes‘ man accelerates these changes very materially by clearing forests, draining swamps, etc.*
The flowering and filicoid plants of the New Jersey coastal plain comprise 13737 species. Of this number no less than 807 are more or less common in the Piedmont region. They are either of boreal affinities or plants adapted to richer, heavier soil, and have spread southeastward across the fall line into the northern and western portions of the New Jersey coastal plain, where many of them are still rare or only locally common, some of them being restricted to the immediate vicinity of the Dela- ware River. Only 181 of them reach the Pine Barrens, and of these only 80 are at all abundant, these being species of wide range.
On the other hand, g1 species of austral affinities, which are widely distributed over the coastal plain, occur also more or less abundantly in the Piedmont region northwest of the fall line, though they vary greatly both in abundance and in the extent of their distribution westward.
The remaining 475 species are restricted to the coastal plain except for sporadic occurrences here and there in the Piedmont
* Cf, Trotter, Geological and Geographical Relations of the Land Bird, Fauna of Northeastern America. The Auk, 1900, p. 231-233 (especially p. 230).
+The figures given here and beyond vary slightly from the actual number of species in the list, as a few have been added and a few relegated to foot- notes or excluded entirely since this count was made.
44 REPORT OF NEW JERSHY STATE MUSEUM.
region, where certain boggy spots seem to furnish the necessary conditions for the support of isolated colonies of coastal plain
species.
Quite a number of these lowland plants range right
up to the fall line, occurring more or less plentifully in Pennsyl- vania on the strip of land lying between the Delaware River and the fall line, especially in Tinicum township, Delaware County, and about Bristol and Tullytown, in Bucks County. Among them
may be mentioned:
Lycopodium chapmanii. " alopecuroides. Woodwardia virginica. areolata. Chamaecyparis thyoides. Erianthus saccharoides.
Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus.
Panicum verrucosum. scoparium. Calamagrostis cinnoides.
Eragrostis pectinacea. Uniola laxa.
Cyperus lancastriensis, Eriophorum virginicum. Eleocharis tricostata. Rynchospora cymosa. Scleria reticularis torreyana. Carex folliculata.
“ barrattii.
“caroliniana. leptalea harperi. Xyris torta.
Juncus dichotomus.
“ scirpoides. Lilium superbum. Smilax tamnifolia.
Iris prismatica.
Pogonia ophioglossoides.
Betula populifolia.
Quercus phellos. triloba.
Magnolia virginiana.
Drosera longifolia.
“ rotundifolia. Liquidambar styraciflua. Spirzea tomentosa. Rubus cuneifolius. Meibomia laevigata.
“
Strophostylus helvolus. Polygala cruciata. Crotonopsis linearis. Euphorbia ipecacuanhe. Ilex glabra, Hibiscus moscheutos. Ascytum stans.
re hypericoides. Hypericum adpressum.
ey virgatum ovalifolium. gymnanthum. Viola brittoniana.
“ rafinesquii. Ludwigia sperocarpon. Oenothera laciniata. Kneiffia longipedicellata. Oxypolis rigidior. Clethra alnifolia. Leucothoe racemosa. Pieris mariana. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Sabatia gracilis. Limnanthemum lacunosum. Asclepias rubra. Monarda punctata. Linaria canadensis. Gratiola aurea.
Gerardia purpurea. Utricularia inflata. Lobelia nuttallii. Eupatorium verbenefolium. te pubescens. Solidago neglecta. Euthamia caroliniana. Aster novi-belgii. Bidens trichosperma. Senecio crowfordii. Carduus spinosissimus.
“
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 45
Certain coastal plain species occur a short distance above the fall line along river valleys, and while this is not particularly noticeable on the smaller streams flowing into the Delaware from eastern Pennsylvania, it is obvious along the Delaware River itself for some distance north of Trenton, where Dr. Britton has recorded a number of coastal plain species in his Catalogue cf New Jersey Plants.
In the valley of the lower Susquehanna also a number of species occur within the limits of Pennsylvania, which do not range so far northward elsewhere except in the New Jersey coastal plain. Their distribution is, of course, more or less con- tinuous down the shores of Chesapeake Bay to the coastal plain in Maryland; while they are absent in the intervening Piedmont region of southern Pennsylvania.
Such species are:
Pinus echinata. Ptelea trifoliata. Cyperus lancastriensis. Chionanthus virginianus. Blephariglottis peramcena. Asimina triloba. Castanea pumila. Dianthera americana. Cercis canadensis. Lippia lanceolata. Meibomia sessilifolia. Ipomoea lacunosa. Phaseolus helvolus. Ruellia ciliosa. Opuntia opuntia. Galium concinnum. Ilex opaca. Boltonia asteroides, Rhus vernix. Willugbzya scandens. Evonymus atropurpureus. Tecoma radicans.*
Acer negundo.
Some of these, notably Gercis, occur on the upper Delaware and Raritan, quite isolated from the general range of the species to the southward, but they are everywhere plants of the hilly country near the fall line and not coastal plain species.
The isolated colonies of coastal plain plants in the Piedmont region, already referred to, are probably not as numerous as formerly, owing to the general tendency to.drain the bogs and
* Other species occur in the lower Susquehanna Valley which are not known from New Jersey and are hence omitted from this list. Many of those listed are much more common in the Susquehanna Valley than in that of the Delaware, as one would expect in passing nearer to the upper limits of the coastal plain, and on the Raritan or lower Hudson all but one or two have disappeared. A few species in the list extend casually to southern New England along the coast, and a few occur in isolated colonies in other parts of southeastern Pennsylvania.
46 REPORT OF NEW JERSHY STATE MUSEUM.
swamps which are necessary for their existence. Some, however, still survive, and we have fortunately pretty good lists of species from others which have bcen destroyed. Probably the most remarkable spot of this sort is Frazer’s bog, near Willow Grove, Montgomery County.
Here we find quite a plantation of swamp magnolias, with which grow a large number of coastal plain plants. From the boyhood of the oldest residents and still earlier, according to the reports handed down by their fathers, this bog: has presented much the same condition as at present, but more recently strenu- ous efforts have been made, with but little success, to fill it in and convert it into a meadow. The flora of this bog was ap- parently first collected by Mr. C. F. Saunders, later Mr. Alex. MacElwee published some notes upon it,* and Mr. S. S. Van Pelt and Bayard Long made collections. From these sources as well as from my own herbarium the following: list is compiled:
Panicum lucidum. Limodorum tuberosum.
- meridionale. Magnolia virginiana. Calamagrostis cinnoides. Drosera rotundifolia. Agrostis elata. Rubus hispidus. Eleocharis tuberculosa. Polygala cruciata. Eriophorum virginicum. Rhus vernix.
Rynchospora glomerata. Acer rubrum carolinianum. : alba. Hypericum canadense.
Scleria reticularis torreyana.
Carex varia emmonsi. “interior.
atlantica.
Xyris torta.
Juncus scirpoides.
Lilium superbum,
Aletris farinosa.
Blephariglottis cristata.
Pogonia ophioglossoides.
“
Triadenum virginicum. Linum striatum.
Oxypolis rigidior. Gaylusaccia dumosa. Gentiana saponaria. Asclepias rubra.
Gerardia purpurea, Eupatorium verbenzfolium. Aster novi-belgii.
The Smithville swamp, in Lancaster County, is a somewhat similar locality, from which Prof. Porter has recorded the
following :
* Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1901, pp. 485-486.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 47
Calamagrostis cinnoides, Arethusa bulbosa. Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus. Blephariglottis ciliaris. Scleria triglomerata. Quercus marylandica, Carex oblita. Magnolia virginiana.
“ vestita. Linum striatum.
“polymorpha. Rhus vernix.
“ pullata, Polygala nuttallii. Orontium aquaticum. Viburnum nudum. Juncus debilis. Gaylussacia dumosa. Smilax glauca. Leucothoe racemosa. Aletris farinosa. , Kalmia angustifolia. Cypripedium acaule. Azalea viscosa. Pogonia ophioglossoides. : Asclepias rubra.
The further tabulation of the distribution of coastal plain plants in the Piedmont of Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey cannot be too highly recommended, as it is likely to throw light upon a problem of great importance.
GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLANTS COMPRIS- ING THE FLORA OF THE NEW JERSEY COASTAL, PLAIN.
A detailed study of the 1,373 species of flowering and filicoid plants which occur in the New Jersey coastal plain shows that they are divisible into four categories.*
(1) Species of wide range north and south through eastern North America and sometimes much farther—742 species.
(2) Species of northern affinities which reach the southern limit of their range on the Atlantic coast in or near southern New Jersey—121 species.
(3) Species of southern affinities which range north only as far as New Jersey or to the narrow extension of the coastal plain
*In making up these lists and those which follow, a series of card slips was prepared, representing all the species found in the region under con- sideration. On each slip was recorded the several districts of southern New .Jersey (see beyond). in which the species occurs and the northern and southern limit of its distribution in eastern North America, the latter being compiled from Britton’s Manual, the new Gray’s Manual, and a few recent monographs. The cards were then sorted and re-sorted into the various categories and the desired lists and figures readily obtained.
As this report goes to press, a notable paper by Prof. M. L. Fernald appears in Rhodora (1011, pp. 109-162), on the Origin of the Newfoundland Flora, in which he adopts nearly the same method of contrasting the several elements
48 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
which is found on Long Island, N. Y., southern Connecticut and Rhode Island and eastern Massachusetts—479 species.{ (4) Species of local distribution, restricted to New Jersey and portions of the immediately adjacent States lying within the coastal plain—31 species. PLants oF WipE Rancr.—These species may be divided into three groups, as follows:
Ranging throughout North America, .........cee cece eset e eee tnenceree 22
Newfoundland—New Brunswick on the north to Virginia—Florida.on the ‘south; accacayeacadeaeceses vss en gation be eee saanee ee nneaiene oe 420
Maine—Vermont to Virginia—Florida, ...........cc cece cence cere enees 300
As already said, many of these plants barely enter our region on the northwest, so that the lower part of New Jersey is really on the southern boundary of their range, although since they follow the trend of the mountains to the southwest the actual southern limit of their range, given in the Manuals, is far down in the southern States. the most surprising fact in the study of these ranges is the large number of plants which range from the far north all the way to Florida and yet are rare or absent in the lower part of the New Jersey coastal plain, but the brief data of the Manuals is hardly sufficient for detailed studies of distribu- tion and many of them may be quite as scarce in Florida as they are in southern New Jersey.
THE NorTHERN ELEMENT.—A’ second group of our New Jersey coastal plain plants includes those which find the absolute southern limit of their range in this region or close to it, while they extend north to Maine or the Canadian provinces. They may be divided as follows:
Canadian Provinces to New Jersey, ........ 0. cc ececcceccccucccuvevenes 60 Maine: ‘to: New: Jenseyi s5.suieiebeeoisenatceie-y & sasnphycacicsan whee svaloraceua succiove ss Soeur 18 Vermont or New Hampshire to New Jersey, ...........c.ceccecceceees 3 Canadian Provinces to Delaware or Maryland, ............-ececeecececs 27 Maine to Delaware or Maryland, ............ccccecuccnccucecteveuvens 13
121
as I have employed in the following pages. He likewise considers al] the species native to the region, which, as I have stated elsewhere, is the only way to logically discuss the floral relationship of a district.
+ Cf. Collins, Flora of Lower Cape Cod, Rhodora XI, 125; XII, 8; XIII, 17, and Sears, Essex Co. Mass. Rhodora X, p. 42.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.
The detailed lists of species are as follows:.
CANADIAN PROVINCES TO NEW JERSEY.*
Isoetes echinosp. braunii mM. Lycopodium inundatum m. Schizza pusilla ps. Potamogeton oakesianus PB, cM. Scheuchzeria palustris m. Triglochin maritima c. Savastana odorata c. Spartina michauxiana c, Phalaris arundinacea mM. Panicularia canadensis m. obtusa M; PB, CM. te grandis M. Scirpus subterminalis pp, cm.
robustus paludosus c. Eriophorum tenellum M, PB, CM.
gracile M. Carex lanuginosa M, c.
“ trichocarpa M. exilis PB. livida PB.
“canescens disjuncta M, PB. utriculata M.
limosa M.
silicea c.
Eriocaulon septangulare pp, Juncus articulatus c.
“ pelocarpus M, PB, CM. Sisyrinchium angustitolium c. Populus tremuloides m, c.
“ grandidentata M.
Salix bebbiana m.
“ lucida c. Dondia maritima c. Chenopodium rubrum c. Moehringia lateriflora M, c. Acteea rubra mM. Oxygraphis cymbalaria c. Nymphea variegata ps. Rosa virginiana c. Dalibarda repens m. Geum strictum Mm. Lathyrus maritimus c, Corema conradii ps. Geranium robertianum c. Hypericum boreale c, cm.
a ellipticum M.
& ascyron M. Polanisia graveolens m. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi PB. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum m. Myriophyllum tenellum m, c Glaux maritima c. Limosella tenuifolia m, c. Menyanthes trifoliata M, cm. Utricularia intermedia Ps. Plantago decipiens c.
Aster nemoralis pz. Solidago uniligulata px. Xanthium commune Mm.
MAINE TO NEW ‘JERSEY.
Isoetes canadensis M. Potamogeton confervoides PB, Cc. Muhlenbergia foliosa m. Panicularia laxa M. Sporobolus serotinus Ps. Elymus striatus M, c. Scirpus smithii m.
a “ setosuis M.
ie torreyi [Vt.] m. Carex interior capillacea [N. H.]
M, PB.
Carex annectens M, PB.
“ umbellata tonsa M, PB.
e i abdita m.
“ . festucacea brevior cM. Juncus greenii m. Chenopodium leptophyllum c. Polygonum careyi M, c.
ee atlanticum c.
Hypericum majus M. Plantago major M, C. Eupatorium sessilifolium [Vt.] m.
49
* The letters following the names indicate the several divisions of the New
Jersey coastal plain in which they occur. See p. 57. + Those ranging only to Vt. or N. H. are so marked. 4 MUS
50 REPORT OF NEW JERSHY STATE MUSEUM.
CANADIAN PROVINCES TO DELAWARE OR MARYLAND.
aoe Botrychium neglectum m. Puccinellia fasciculata c. Rynchospora fusca PB, CM. Carex umbellata M, PB, CM. “ folliculata M, PB, CM. trisperma PB. hormathodes c, cM. Juncus militaris pp, cM. Leptorchis loeselii M, cM, c. Salix discolor m. “ interior M. Betula populifolia ps. Sagina procumbens c. Alsine longifolia m.
“
“
Alsine uliginosa M. Anemone canadensis M. Potentilla argentea M, C. Drymocallis arguta M. Vitis vulpina M. Callitriche heterophylla m. Cicuta bulbifera mM. Angelica atropurpurea M. Pyrola chlorantha m.
“ elliptica M. secunda M. Utricularia clandestina ps. Aster radula M.
“
MAINE TO DELAWARE OR MARYLAND.
Isoetes engelmanni [N. H.] m. Dryopteris simulata M, PB. Panicum scribnerianum M. Agrostis maritima c. Panicularia acutiflora m. Carex vestita M, CM.
“ lupuliformis [Vt.] .
Potentilla pumila M, c. Myriophyllum humile M, c, PB. Antennaria fallax M.
a parlinii M, cM, c. Bidens connata M, c. Carduus odoratus M.
THE SOUTHERN ELEMENT.—The third group of New Jersey coastal plain plants comprises those which find their northern limit of distribution in or near this region. They may be grouped
as follows:
Brom): Vabs) ssimacearshisa cere.
N., J. So. N. Y¥.* R.I.or Ct. Mass}
I 3 14 7 4 12 2 4 3 9 12 24
58 46 116
77 69 169
The detailed lists of species follow:
* Staten Island and Long Island for the most part. + Usually the immediate coast district or outlying islands.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 51
NEW JERSEY TO FLORIDA.*
Lycopodium carolinianum ps. Pinus taeda cm.
“ serotina M, CM. Taxodium distychum cm. Ceelorachis rugosa cm. Erianthus divaricatus [Ga.] pp.
_ saccharoides M, Cc, CM. Andropogon elliotii mM, cm. Paspalum membranaceum M, cM.
- laeve australe c, cm.
ity cc cM.
as glabratum c, cm.
st plenipilum c, cm. Panicum hemitomon cm.
a condensum c, cM.
ot anceps M, CM.
as angustifolium cm. aciculare cm.
cerulescens cM.
ee ensifolium [Ga.], PB, cM.
cs leucothrix PR.
. wrightianum cM.
i oligosanthes M, PB, CM.
scabriusculum Pp. es cryptanthum ps. & polyanthes [Ga.], M, cm. os lanuginosum c, cM. Amphicarpon amphicarpon pp, cm. Sacciolepis striata cm. Chaetochloa magna c, cm. Cenchrus tribuloides c. Aristida oligantha m. ss lanosa M, cM. Agrostis elata [Ga.], PB, cM. Calamovilfa brevipilis [N. C.] ps. Danthonia epilis ps. Gymnopogon ambiguus M, cm. vi brevifolius M, cM. Poa brachyphylla [S.C.]. m, cm. Cyperus hystricinus [Ga.] m. retrofractus M.
microdontus cM, ¢c.
7 lancastriensis [Ga.] M.
cc pseudovegetus M.
angustifolium Mm, c,
Eleocharis tortilis Mm, cm. * ocreata CM. Rynchospora smallii mM, Ps. rariflora cM. “ glomerata leptocarpa Ps, se filifolia px. pallida [N.C.], ps, cm. “ oligantha ps, e knieskernii [Va.] ps. + axillaris microcephala PB. cymosa M, CM. Fuirena hispida c. Fimbristylis autumnalis mM, PB, Cc, CM. Scleria pauciflora mM, cM. Carex leptalea harperi M, cM. Xyris fimbriata ps. “« elata cm. “ arenicola ps. Eriocaulon decangulare ps, cm. sf compressum PB, CM. Commelina communis mc. Juncus setaceus cm. Xerophyllum asphodeloides px. Tofieldia racemosa PB. Uvularia nitida [S. C.] ps. Smilax tamnifolia [S.C.] PB, cm. sf laurifolia PB, cm. me walteri PB, CM. Lophiola americana Ps. Gymnadeniopsis integra PB. eS nivea CM. Blephariglottis cristata pp, cM. s peramoena [Ga] M. cM. Pogonia divaricata PB, cM. Gyrostachys precox PB, CM. Listera australis M, PB. Tipularia discolor m, cM. Corallorhiza wisteriana mM. Myrica cerifera cM, c. Castanea pumila m. Quercus triloba m, c, cm. « michauxii M. Polygonum setaceum cm.
“
* Species ranging only to Va. N. C., S. C., or Ga. are so marked.
52 REPORT OF NEW JERSRY STATE MUSEUM.
Polygonum eciliatum cm. Phoradendron flavescens M, PB. Asimina triloba m.
Itea virginica PB, cM.
Malus angustifolia cm.
Prunus angustifolia m.
Cercis canadensis M. #Eschynomene virginica mM. Meibomia stricta M, PB.
Lespedeza stuvei neglecta [Ga.] cm.
“
oblongifolia PB. Bradburya virginiana M, c. Polygala incarnata Mm.
7 mariana PB, CM.
Rhus toxicodendron [Ga.] Mm, c Vitis cordifolia m, c. Hypericum densiflorum ps.
Ke gymnanthum [Ga.] M. Viola emarginata [Va.] m, c, cM. Rhexia aristosa [Ga.] ps. Lythrum lineare c.
Ludwigiantha arcuata c. Ludvigia linearis PB.
« hirtella ps, cM. CEnothera humifusa c.
f laciniata mc. Eryngium aquaticum ps. Thaspium trifoliatum [Ga.] N, M. Oxypolis rigidior longifolius [S.C.]
PB Dendrium buxifolium ps. Vaccinium virgatum pps. Chionanthus virginica M. Sabbatia lanceolata psp, cm. Gentiana porphyrio ps, cM. x Ee villosa M. Obolaria virginica [Ga.] m.
Limnanthemum aquaticum M. Asclepias rubra PB, CM.
7 lanceolata c. Pyxidanthera barbulata [N.C.] Pe. Cuscuta cephalanthi ps.
Breweria pickeringii [N. C.] ps. Lippia lanceolata c.
Keellia aristata c.
Gratiola pilosa M, cm.
ce spherocarpa M, CM. Micranthemum micranthemoides M. Gerardia racemulosa PB.
Buchnera americana [Va.] M. Melampyrum latifolium Mm. Utricularia juncea PB, CM. Tecoma radicans M, CM, c. Ruellia ciliosa cm.
Diodia virginiana cm. Galium hispidulum cm.
3 pilosum puncticulosum pp, cM. concinnum [Va.] mM. Viburnum scabrellum M.
Lobelia canbyi [S. C.] ps.
re puberula M, c, cM. Lactuca sagittifolia [S. C.] m. Nabalus virgatus PB.
Eupatorium coelestinum M, cM. Kuhnia eupatorioides [Ga.] m. Lacinaria g. pilosa PB. Cc, CM. Solidego stricta PB.
fistulosa PB, Cc, CM.
Aster gracilis [N. C.] Pp, c, cm. Doellingeria umbellata humilis ps. « Pluchea foetida cm.
Actinomeris alternifolia m. Mesadenia reniformis [N. C.] m. Senecio tomentosa c, cM.
“
NEW YORK TO FLORIDA,
Pinus virginiana [S. C.] M. PB. cm. Andropogon littoralis c. Paspalum laeve circulare c, cm. * pubescens [Ga.] M, c. Panicum mattamusketense [N. C.] c. a lucidum pp, c, cm. Uniola laxa M, ¢, co.
Cyperus ovularis M, c, cM.
ss flavescens M, PB, C, CM. cylindricus PB, c, CM. Eleocharis tricostata PB, CM. Rynchospora axillaris Ps. Fimbristylis castanea c. Psilocarya nitens cM.
“
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 53
Carex oblita [N. C.] mM, cm.
“carolinensis [N C.] m. Juncus scirpoides M, c, cM.
“ dichotomu. M, PB, C, CM. Zygadenus leimanthoides [Ga.] M. PB. Helonias bullata [N. C.] m, PB, cm. Melanthium virginicum [Ga.] M. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum M. Quercus marilandica PB, c, CM.
ef phellos m, c, cm. Sesuvium maritima c.
Arenaria caroliniana ps. Ranunculus pusillus m.
Nymphza advena M.
Capnoides flavulum [Va.] M, cm. Cardamine rotundifolia [N. C.] m. Hydrangea arborescens M. Porteranthus trifoliatus [Va.] m. Aronia arbutifolia M, PB, Cc, CM. Crategus tomentusus M, PB. Stylosanthes biflora M, PB, CM. Meibomia levigata M, cM.
a viridiflora M.
Galactia regularis M, PB, CM.
me volubilis cm. Strophostyles umbellata M, c, cM. Ptelea trifoliata mM.
Polygala lutea PB, cM. Euphorbia darlingtonii [N.C.] m. Euonymus americanus M, C, CM.
ss atropurpureus M.
Kosteletzkya virginica, c, cM. Ascyrum stans, PB, CM. Lechea racemulosa PB, CM. Viola hirsutula [Ga.] m. “rafinesquii [Ga.] m. Rhexia mariana PB. cM. Aralia spinosa M. Chaerophyllum procumbens M. Oxypolis rigidior M, c, cM. Sabatia angularis m, c, cM. Asclepias variegata M, C, CM. Polemonium reptans {Ga.] Mm. Phlox subulata m. Mertensia virginica [S. C.] m. Scutellaria pilosa M, cm. Monarda punctata M, c, cM. Cunila origanoides m, cM. Gerardia holmiana PB. Utricularia fibrosa ps.
sf virgatula PB, CM. Oldenlandia uniflora Mm, c, cM. Lobelia nuttallii [Ga.] ps, c, cm. Lactuca villosa M.
- floridana m, c. Eupatorium album pp, c, cm.
s leucolepis PB, c, CM. Solidago erecta [Ga.] PB, cM. Helianthus angustifolius ps, c, cM. Chrysopsis mariana M, PB, CM.
[N. C.]
RHODE ISLAND OR CONNECTICUT TO FLORIDA.
Sagittaria longirostra [Ga.] PB, cM. subulata M. Tripsacum dactyloides c. Panicum longifolium PB, cM. ad stipitatum [S. C.] m. meridionale [Ga.] PB, c, cM. pseudopubescens M, PB, CM. commonsianum PB, C, CM. virgatum cubense M, PB. amarum [Ga.] c. Chaetochloa imberbis M. f - versicolor c. Spart’na cynosuroides c. Sporobolus clandestinus M, cM. Sphenopholis obtusata c. wt - pubescens cM, c
Tridens flavus mM c.
Eleccharis quadrangulata [Ga.] cm. of torreyana PB.
Scirpus eriophorum M, PB, C, CM.
Scleria torreyana PB, CM.
Carex collinsii [Ga.] M, PB, CM.
“ squarrosa [Ga.] m.
“ barrattii [N.C.] pp, cm.
“ styloflexa M, cM. nigromarginata [N. C.] Mm. Wolffia columbiana m. Tradescantia virginica [S.C.] m. Heteranthera reniformis m. Juncus debilis [S. C.] m, pp, cm. Dioscorea villosa M, Cc, CM. Populus heterophylla [Ga.]. Chenopodium boscianum [N. C.].
“
54 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Amaranthus pumilus [N. C.]. Aristolochia serpentaria M, cM. Heuchera americana [Ga.] M, cM. Liquidambar styraciflua M, c, CM. Rubus cuneifolius M, ps, c, CM. Prunus americanus M.
Geum flavum [Va.] m. Agrimonia rostellata [Va.] mM.
i parviflora [Ga.], mM. Lespedeza repens, M, PB, C, CM. Phaseolus polystachyus M, c. Polygala brevifolia ps. Crotonopsis linearis M, PB. Euphorbia ipecacuanhe ps, cM. Rhus vernix M, PB, C, CM. Kneiffa longipedicellata.
Zizia cordata [Ga.] m. Eryngium yuccaefolium c. Pieris mariana M, PB, Cc.
Diospyros virginiana M, c Gentiana saponaria Mc, cM. Ipomoea pandurata M, cM. Phlox maculata M, cm. “pilosa M. Salvia lyrata M, c, CM. Trichostema lineare [Ga.] pp. Mimulus alatus [Ga.] m. Plantago virginica M, c, CM. Viburnum nudum M, PB, cM. prunifolium [S. C.] m, cm. Diodia teres M, PB, C, CM. Eupatorium rotundifolium [Va.] M, c, cM. Boltonia asteroides cm. Helenium autumnale mc, cm. Synosma suaveolens. Bidens bipinnata , c.
MASSACHUSETTS TO FLORIDA.
Lycopodium alopecuroides M, pp, cM. Botrychium dissectum M, c, cm. Helianthium tenellum m. Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus
M, C, PB, CM, oS virginicus M, C, PB, CM. Panicum verrucosum M, PB, CM. “columbianum thinium pp,
‘
Cc cM. addisonii M, PB, c, cM. oricola PB, ¢c. villossissimum M, PB, CM. ashei M, PB, CM. clutei PB, cm. barbulatum m, cm. microcarpon M, ¢c, cM, scoparium M, c, CM. commutatum cM. boscii mM, cM.
Aristida purpurascens M, c, PB, cM.
. tuberculosa m. Muhlenbergia capillaris m.
ss tenuiflora m. Stipa avenacea M, cm. Danthonia sericea m, pp, c. Sphenopholis pallens m, cm, Spartina glabra pilosa c.
Diplachne fascicularis c. Cyperus filiculmis mM, cm.
ee speciosus M, C, PB, CM. erythrorhizos M, c Eleocharis interstincta m.
a engelmanni m. melanocarpa mM, cM. tuberculosa pp, cm. Scirpus robustus c.
Fuirena squarrosa c. Rynchospora macrostachya wm, cM.
t macr. inundata M, ps. Scleria triglomerata pp,
e verticillata c, cm. reticularis cm. Carex triceps M, cM. glaucodea m, cm. abscondita M, cm. walteriana pp, c, cM. willdenovii n, m. hormathodes richii mu. Lemna perpusilla c. Orontium aquaticum ps, cm, Xyris torta M, c, PB, cm.
“ congdoni M, ps, cm. Juncus aristulatus pp, c, cm. Gyrotheca tinctoria pp, cm.
“c
“
“cc
“
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.
Chamelirium luteum m. Uvularia perfoliata mM, cm. Sisyrinchium mucronatum M. Smilax glauca M, PB, Cc. Isotria verticillata m. Gyrostachys vernalis px, c. Juglans nigra m.
Hicoria alba M, cM.
Betula nigra M, c, CM. Quercus palustris mM, cm.
e stellata M,C, PB, CM. Rumex hastatulus c. Polygonum maritimum c.
- punctatum M, Cc, CM. Atriplex arenaria c. Anychia canadensis m. -Sagina decumbens mM, c, Silene caroliniana M, c. “stellata M, c. Nelumbo lutea Mm. Liriodendron tulipifera mM, c, cM. Magnolia virginiana M, PB, Cc, CM. Draba caroliniana m. Cardamine bulbosa m. Arabis canadensis mM. Drosera filiformis PB, c. Ribes rotundifolium m. Crategus pruifiosa M. Agrimonia mollis Mm, cm. Cassia chamecrista M, Cc, CM. Lespedeza angustifolia pp, cm. “ stuvei M, PB, CM. Mcibomia obtusa M, c, PB, CM. michauxii M, PB, CM. marilandica M, PB, CM. sessilifolia Pp. canescens M, CM. Strophostyles helvula m, c. Geranium carolinianum . Oxalis violacea m. Linum floridanum pp, c. ov striatum M, PB, C, CM. Polygala nuttallii pp, c, cM. Euphorbia preslii m.
corollata M, c Ilex opaca m, c, cM. “glabra ps, c, cM.
Acer rub. carolinianum pp, Cc, CM. Hibiscus moscheutos M, c, cM.
“ce
“c
“
Ascyrum hypericoides M, PB, C, CM.
55
Hypericum adpressum m, cm. Lechea leggettii mM, PB, c, cM. Viola sagittata M, c. “ palmata Mo. papilionacea M. Opuntia opuntia M, c. Rotala ramosior mM, PB, CM. Lythrum alatum M, c. Kneiffia linearis mM, PB, Cc, CM. Ludvigia spherocarpa M, PB, CM. s alternifolia M, c, PB, CM. Myriophyllum pinnatum M, c, cm. Hydrocotyle verticillata c, cm. sf umbellata M, c, cM. Ptilimnium capillaceum c Angelica villosa mM, cm, Chimaphila maculata M, c, cm. Azalea nudiflora mM, cm.
“viscosa glauca pp, c. Leucothoe racemosa M, PB, CM. Polycodium stamineum m. Sabatia dodecandra c, cm.
a stellaris c, gracilis M, c, cM. Bartonia paniculata M, c, PB, CM. Asclepias verticillata m, cm. Acerates viridiflora M.
Cuscuta arvensis M, PB.
a compacta M, PB, Onosmodium virginianum m. Verbena angustifolia m, PB, c. Scutellaria integrifolia m, c, eM. Agastache nepetoides m.
Stachys hyssopifolia m. Stachys aspera M. Lycopus sessilifolius m, c, PB, CM. Leptandra virginica m. Scrophularia marylandica m. Pedicularis lanceolata m, cm. Castilleja coccinea M. TIlysanthes anagallidea M, c, cm. Gerardia purpurea M, PB, Cc, CM. Schwalbea americana pp, Utricularia subulata pp, c, cm.
es cleistogama ps, c, CM. Plantago elongata mM, cm. Valerianella radiata m, cm. Viburnum venosum mM, c, cM. Triosteum perfoliatum m, cm. Adopogon virginicum M, c, cM.
6“
“
56 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Hieracium gronovii m, c, PB, CM. Euthamia caroliniana M, PB, Cc, CM. Vernonia noveboracensis M, c, CM. Aster tenuifolia c. Lacinaria spicata M, Cc, CM. “concolor M, PB, CM. Eupatorium verbenzfolium M, PR, Cc, Coreopsis rosea M, PB. cM. Bidens levis M, c, CM. ee aromaticum M, cM. “ trichosperma M, C, CM. * hyssopifolium Mm, PB, c, Pluchea camphorata c. cM. Baccharis halimifolia c.
Solidago elliottii c, cm.
Loca, ELEMENT.—Finally we have a group of plants re- stricted to New Jersey or spreading only to the States immedi- ately north and south of it, or west to Pennsylvania. Some of these undoubtedly have a wider range, as subsequent investi- gation will show, while others, like the very distinct Abama americana, Sporobolus torreyanus, Eupatorium resinosum and’ Chrysopsis falcata, are probably truly local.
NEW JERSEY.*
Isoetes riparia M. Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba pz, ¢, Juncus cesariensis PB. cM. Eupatorium resinosum px. Senecio crawfordii m.
NEW YORK—NEW JERSEY.
Paspalum prostratum [to Del.] m.c. Scleria minor pp, cm. ° Sporobolus torreyanus PB, cM. Eupatorium album subvenosum ps.
NEW JERSEY—DELAWARE OR MARYLAND.
Isoetes saccharata m. Hypericum virg. ovalifolium pg, cm. Eriocaulon parkeri , c. Hydrocotyle canbyi cm. ' Abama americana PB. Bidens bidentoides m.
Callitriche austini [from Ct.] m. MASSACHUSETTS ‘tO NEW JERSEY.
Cyperus grayi Pp, c. Sisyrinchium arenicola M. Scirpus longii Ps. Chrysopsis falcata ps.
MASSACHUSETTS TO MARYLAND OR DELAWARE.
Lycopodium chapmanii c, ps. Hicoria microcarpa M. Najas gracillima m. Falcata pitcheri M, cm, Scirpus planifolius m. Iva oraria c. “fluviatilis: Mm. Solidago neglecta, M, PB, cm, Carex seorsa M. Aster spectabilis M, pp, cM.
* Some of these occur also in eastern Pennsylvania.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 57
BOTANICAL, SUBDIVISIONS OF THE NEW JERSEY COASTAL PLAIN.
‘Passing now to the consideration of the subdivisions of the New Jersey coastal plain, we.find several very well marked areas.
As we cross southern New Jersey from west to east we are first struck by the sharp line of demarcation between the farming district of West Jersey and the Pine Barrens; crossing the latter we find on the coast a narrow belt separating the Pines from the maritime marshes, which has essentially the same flora as the West Jersey region, a flora that is also shared by the coast islands, although they have some additional elements peculiar to them- selves. Southward in the Cape May peninsula we find the West Jersey and coast strips coming together to the partial extinction of the Pine Barrens which exist only as detached islands, while especially at the southwestern extremity of the peninsula we en- counter a floral element quite different from the Pine Barrens, but related in no small degree to the flora of southern Delaware.
We thus have five distinct floral districts in southern New Jersey—(1) The West Jersey, or better, the Middle District, which covers.not only the Delaware Valley region south of Trenton, but also all the country below the fall line and north of the Pine Barrens which terminate at Long Branch; (2) The Pine Barrens; (3) The Coastal Strip; (4) The Cape May District, south of the Great Cedar Swamp; (5) The Maritime District.
The northern half of the State is referred to as the Northern District without attempting to subdivide it, since it is only indi- rectly concerned with the present discussion. For an account of its relationship cf. Stone, Ann. Rep. N. J. State Museum for 1908, Pp. 31-32.
Some attempt has been made to correlate these areas or parts of them with underlying, geological formations. but a more accurate knowledge of the distribution of their plants shows that such correlation is not possible. The surface soil has far more to do with the matter than the underlying geological formation.
The western boundary of the Pine Barrens is often the eastern edge of the cretaceous formation, but in the southern part of
58 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
the State it is not so, the cretaceous lying in some places fifteen or twenty miles west of the Pines. Im the same way the very distinct coast strip with its West Jersey flora is geologically the same formation as the Pine Barrens.
In West Jersey, moreover, we find considerable differences in the flora of different parts of the same formation. In the cretaceous, for instance, we have in the rich marl beds one style
Fig. 2—Range of Lobelia cardinalis covering Middle and Coast Districts, but absent from the Pine Barrens.
of vegetation, while on sand deposits of the same age are plants of quite a different sort.
A number of species are restricted to one or other of the above- defined districts, some are common to two or three of them, and still others are found throughout our region or throughout the State.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 59
Using the initial letters to indicate the several districts, the distribution of the plants of the New Jersey coastal plain as indicated by the data that we have collected is as follows:
coast marshes and beach strand, ....... Coast strip only, ..... 16
Halophytes of the 71
Middle district only, so far as our region is concerned, though 343 many range through
northern N. J., .-... Cape May only, ...... 35 M*¥-L-C 87
M-LPB). accsarcaecaetaess 84 MOM, 00.2 ssanneaene 100 PBEEC,, | ease csivaiesccraene 9 PB-PCMG. sgiwavnvneeet anne 22 GYGEM,. secseudassourenas 18 M-+CM-+PB, ........6.-. 142 MEPPBALG). wuisiicsedaees 50 M-+CM-+4C, ....-...0-0 00s 137 PE ECLON, cecnipneees 10 Throughout, ...........555 194
Total, 1373
*M=Middle Dist.; C==Coast Strip; CM=Cape May District; PB=Pine
Barrens.
60 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
From the above list we may compute:
After exclud-
ing obvious.’
introductions
from other
districts.
Total Flora of Pine Barrens, .....-..-..seeeeeeeees 565* 386 i “ © Coast-Strip (excluding Halophytes),... 524 492 7 “« © Cape May District, ...........0ee ees 658 649 of Middle (District: ccseesidacssigeanua' 1138 1023 Common to Middle and Pine Barren Districts, ...... 470* 295 i. i “ Coast Districts, ..........-- 416 410 ee ce Gee “ Cape May Districts, ....... 573 493 ry “ Pine Barren and Coast Districts, ....... 2637 162 ee ts es “ ‘Cape May Districts, ........ 368 252 “ Coast and Cape May Districts, ....-.... 359 337
The status of each species in the above table was ascertained by a careful study of the data presented in the main text of this report after excluding such records as bore evidence of being based upon accidental occurrences such as roadside or railroad introductions. All weeds, even those of native origin, were also excluded, as their distribution has little or no bearing upon natural conditions.
A further study of the data covering the general range of
the south Jersey plants (see p. 47) gives the following results for the flora of each of the four districts considered separately:
M. PB. Gc, CM. Wide: Ratiginos ccs s+ cetamennn seteus euvenaie aes 628 153 301 350 Northern Element, ...........0.0 0.00 ccc eeeeaees 78 28 26 16 Southern Element, ..............0.0.00c0eeeeeee 299 ~=—-:183 159-263 TOGA, HISMEHE:. 4a.ndieennanse sivcnsce ss vcdenaetarna yeteoee 18 v7 6 II
1023. 386 = 4g2s«649)
M. PR c cM. Percentage of Southern Element, .............. -. 20% °° 48% 31% 40%
* As explained beyond, these figures include a number of recent introduc- tions not really native to the Pine Barrens. See p. or.
+ These figures are somewhat misleading, as only such Pine Barren species as reach the Coast Islands are included. The mainland coast strip is so’ narrow that it is impossible to mark it off sharply from the Pine Barrens, and we cannot say which Pine Barren species spread into it and which do not, without a vast amount of further study.
‘PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 61
It is impossible to compute the percentage of the northern element in the flora for the reason that accurate data are lacking on the actual southern boundary of the range of the species listed above as “Wide Ranging.” The only fact given in the manuals as a rule is the southernmost State touched by this boundary. It is known that a large number of the 628 species of the Middle District barely touch the coastal plain on its western or northern edge, and really find the southern limit of their range all the way from New Jersey to Florida, and thus. belong distinctly to the northern element of our flora. Other species, on the contrary, are found pretty generally over the coastal plain, and are truly wide ranging, but accurate data for the proper disposition of all the species in one class or the other are not at present available. Figures based entirely upon the character of their occurrence in New Jersey (p. 43) would indicate that at least three-quarters of these wide-ranging species reach their southern limit at the coastal plain, but a study of their distribution to the southward might not uphold this estimate.
A further analysis is given in the consideration of the flora of each of the several districts which follows.
THE PINE BARRENS.
The Pine Barrens are of especial interest from the fact that the region is one of the largest in the Middle States in which anything like primeval conditions remain. Always sandy and thickly covered with more or less scrubby vegetation, interspersed with swamps. and infested by hordes of mosquitoes, settlers have been in no hurry to clear it so long as more valuable land was available to the westward. Even to-day one may travel for ten or fifteen miles in some parts of the Barrens without seeing a habitation of any sort, and this within fifty and thirty miles respectively of New York and Philadelphia. Wagon roads lead across the white sand to the sea at infrequent intervals, and ill- defined trails branch off to former charcoal clearings, all of these highways largely fallen into disuse since the establishment of railroads and the abandonment of the old iron forges. The oldest towns in the district are those located on navigable tide-
62 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
water streams like Toms River, Mays Landing, Millville, etc. ; others, like Hammonton, Vineland and Egg Harbor City, owe their establishment to the railroads.
In recent years many other settlements are springing up along the railroads, and are spreading their clearings into the wilder- ness, while various agencies exert an important influence on vegetation.
Portable sawmills are cutting all the white cedars, and in place of the dark swamps we encounter mountains of yellow saw- dust. The extension of cultivated cranberry bogs proves the death knell to many native bog plants, which do not seem able to stand the flooding. The onslaught of the Christmas venders upon the mistletoe has practically exterminated it, while berry- bearing holly is becoming scarce, and the sale of arbutus and pyxie must soon affect their abundance in certain localities. The wood pulp industry makes a market for any sort of timber, no matter what size; the use of sphagnum for packing bulbs and garden plants for shipment makes it worth while to rake some of the small bogs completely clear of this moss which is so neces- sary for the growth of many native bog species, and the demand for native shrubbery for planting on large estates has practically exterminated the laurel in certain regions, many carloads of these bushes being shipped at one time by a single dealer.
The advent of the automobile, too, has forced the substitution of good roads for the old sand trails in many places, and hun- dreds of people now visit certain remote parts of the barrens to one who went there ten years ago.
All these influences are bound to make changes in the flora of the region in the near future, and it is none too soon to make a serious effort to record its characteristic features and its com- ponent species before it is too late.
Although the New Jersey Pine Barrens have been well known as a locality for choice plants since the earliest days of botanical study in America, nevertheless very little has been published re- garding their flora or even their history and physical features. We know, from casual mention in the descriptions of new species, that Rafinesque, Pursh, Nuttall and Zaccheus Collins were familiar with their barren sands and deep swamps. We know,
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 63
also, that James Goldie, the Scottish botanist, traveled through them early in the nineteenth century, and earlier still Peter Kalm, the Swede, probably touched the western border of the region, as he secured the Helonias and submitted it to Linnzus for descrip- tion.
William Bartram and, probably, John Bartram, his father, were undoubtedly familiar with the “Pines” and were probably the first botanists to explore the region, although they, so far as I am aware, published nothing relative to it.
In Edwards’ Gleanings of Natural History, London, 1758, where are described a number of birds submitted by William Bartram to the author, we find a figure of the “Gentian of the Desert” reproduced from a drawing by Bartram, which is clearly Gentiana porphyrio, so characteristic of the remote portions of the Pine Barrens. Some of the plants sent by Bartram to Linnzus and named by the latter, such as Blephariglottis ble- phariglottis, the white-fringed orchis, undoubtedly came from the New Jersey coastal plain, although Linnzus records them from Pennsylvania, the name of Bartram being so closely identi- fied with the latter State that it was taken for granted that all his local collections came from there.
During the first half of the nineteenth century the barrens were visited by wagon from Philadelphia or Burlington and there was considerable travel over the long sandy roads, as the fishermen- farmers of the coast were constantly bringing their produce across the State to market and returning with necessary supplies.
Audubon made the journey across to Great Egg Harbor on one of these produce wagons and describes the trip in his episode entitled “Great Egg Harbour,” p. 606, vol. III of his Olrnitho- logical Biography. There were several half-way houses and other taverns where travelers could rest and procure refeshments, and a number of forges—many of them now only names on the map—were extracting iron from the bog ore which before the discovery of better deposits in the west had a marketable value.
Dr. John Torrey, when twenty-two years of age, made a wagon trip from Philadelphia to South Amboy during the latter part of June, 1818, in company with William Cooper, and, fortunately,
64 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
a record of it is preserved in a letter to Zaccheus Collins in the possession of the Philadelphia Academy.* It runs as follows :
New York, July oth, 1818. Dear Sir: :
We arrived at South Amboy one week after we left Philadelphia, and, al- though our journey was rather an arduous one, we think ourselves well rewarded for all the privations we endured. ‘The principal difficulty we experienced was in keeping the right road. Hundreds of these little roads ‘cross each other in every direction like a labyrinth, so that it is next to a miracle if you hit the right one. We remained two days at ‘Thompson’s Tav- ern [at Quaker Bridge], where we were very well entertained. About this time we found a considerable number of plants which were new to us, indeed there were few plants but what we found here. The Drosera filiformis and foliosa (?) were abundant, as well as two species of Utricularia, one of which does not appear to be described. What pleased us more than any plant we found was the Schizaea. Cooper found the first specimen. It isa singular little plant, and I first doubted whether Pursh had referred it to the right genus, but subsequent examination has convinced me that he is right. The whole of the plant which we saw was confined to a very small space. There is a small patch of it about forty-five yards from the west end of the bridge on the left side as you approach it from Philadelphia and about twelve feet from the road. I have been particular to mention its locality, as this is the only spot where we found it. We found abundance of the Leiophyllum and Hudsonia, some of them in flower. The latter plant I am inclined to think is a different species from the one which grows on the seacoast. At first sight you are struck with the long peduncled flowers of the one and the al- most sessile flowers of the other. We found two species of Eriocaulon—one common, tall and with large hemispherical héads and tuft of short leaves at the base, the other smaller, with large leaves. ‘They are both ten-striate.
After we had left Quaker Bridge we fared pretty hard. Some places called Taverns that we put up at were not fit for an Arab. Ata place called the Ten-mile Hollow, or Hell Hollow, we expected to sleep in the woods, for it was with difficulty that we persuaded them to take us in. This was the most miserable place we ever saw; they were too poor to use candles. No butter, sugar, etc. A little sour stuff, which I believe they called rye bread, but which was half sawdust, and a little warm water and molasses, were all we had for breakfast. For supper I could not see what we had, for we ate in the dark. From this place until we reached Monmouth we found scarcely a. single plant in flower.
We found near Philadelphia a species of Plantago which may be new. It is not described in Persoon, but it may be the P. linearifolia of Muhl. Cat. ad ed. I shall send you specimens of it together with most of the plants we col- lected on our journey. I hope you will indulge me if I trouble you in this way once in awhile.
I remain, sir, with the greatest respect, etc, yours,
Joun Torrey.
* Published in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club VI, p. 83.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 65,
If there is any young botanist in your society that would be willing to com- mence botanical correspondence and exchange of specimens with me, I should be very glad to commence one immediately.
To ZaccuEus Corns, EsQ., Philadelphia.
There were other ways of getting to the coast in these early days. An advertisement in a copy of Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, July 12th, 1823, states that “The subscriber [Seth Crane] respectfully informs the public that he has commenced running a stage between Mount Holly and Mannahawkin for the accommodation of persons disposed to visit the Grouse Plains, Mannahawkin or Tuckerton. The Stage will leave Mannahawkin every Monday and Thursday mornings at 6 o’clock and arrive at Griffith Owens’ Tavern, in Mount Holly, same afternoon at 4 o’clock. From whence passengers will be conveyed to Burling- ton on the following morning in time to meet the Steam Boat for Philadelphia and Trenton. Returning will leave Mount Holly every Wednesday and Saturday morning at 6, and arrive at Mannahawkin same afternoon at 4 o’clock. Where Ladies and Gentlemen can be accommodated with genteel Boarding and Lodging at the moderate rate of $3 per week; and conveyed at any time across the Bay to James Cranmer’s, Hazleton Cran- mer’s or Stephen Inman’s. Fare through $1.75 cents.
A conveyance will be in readiness at Mannahawkin for Tuck- erton.”
In the same paper are advertised a line of stages, and the “Union” and “Good Intent” lines of four-horse carriages direct to Tuckerton from Philadelphia. There was also the steamboat “Delaware,” leaving Philadelphia for Cape May “at five o'clock in the morning on Monday and Friday during the bathing season.”
Prof. S. F. Baird, when a young man, used to visit Beesley’s Point, on Great Egg Harbor, by way of Cape May, going down by boat and up the coast by stage. In July, 1854, however, John Cassin, of the Philadelphia Academy, in a letter to Baird, tells him that a railroad to Absecon has been completed with stage connection for Beesley’s Point, which will greatly facilitate his future trips.
5 MUS
66 REPORT OF NEW JERSHY STATE MUSEUM.
_ It was many years later before the railroad was built to Cape May, which had always been rather inaccessible except by water. Indeed, prior to 1707, there was no wagon road out of the peninsula, merely horse paths through the dense cedar swamps which stretched away from Cedar Swamp Creek to Dennis Creek, forming an effectual barrier to traffic and making Cape May virtually an island.*
With the advent of the railroads traffic on the old stage roads practically ceased and with it went the taverns and forges, so that the latter part of the nineteenth century found the remote parts of the Pines more of a wilderness than they were before.
Within the past decade several botanical trips have been made across the Pine Barrens which have been recorded in print.
Mr. C. F. Saunders has a charming account of a wagon trip from Tuckerton to Atsion, July 3-5, 1899, in company with Mr. W. N. Clute. His picture of the country is very vivid. He says, after leaving Tuckerton: “Mile after mile of oak and pine barrens were passed without sign of human habitation, and when five miles were registered we came to the spot which is marked upon the maps as Munyon Field. Here, in old times, had been a house, and a family had lived here, scratching some sort of a living from the sand and fattening hogs on the abundant mast which strewed the ground under the little chinquapin oaks. Now no vestige of human occupation remains save a little clear- ing, which is rapidly filling up with wildings from the surrounding forest. * * * ‘Two or three miles more of a similar wilder- ness, and the forest growth thinned out and dwindled down to dwarf proportions as we emerged upon the rolling heathlike expanse of the east or lower plains. * * * Nothing could be more restful to the eye than this rolling expanse of green plain, melting away in every direction into the misty distance, the white sand gleaming out here and there like whitecaps on an emerald sea. * * * The luxuriant vines of the bearberry lay sprawling everywhere in the sun, their dry, astringent berries not yet tinged with the crimson that makes them so conspicuous
*Cf. Dr. Maurice Beesley’s Early History of Cape May, in the Geology of the County of Cape May, 1857.
ft Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., vol. 52, 1900, pp. 544-549.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 67
in winter, the pyxie, trailing arbutus, hudsonia, laurel, tephrosia and leiophyllum were so abundant that the whole place must have been like a garden in the spring. * * * After leaving the plains, the old road wound now through dry sandy pine woods, bare of conspicuous flowers, save, perhaps, for the ever present Melampyrum lineare and the yellow banners of Baptisia tinctoria—now through damp swamp lands, where we had as roadside companions the thread leaved, sundew’s purple flowers, the orange heads of Polygala lutea, the magenta blossoms of the grass pink and the snake-mouth pogonia. * * *”
Two years later the writer, accompanied by Messrs. H. L. Coggins and J. A. G. Rehn, crossed from Medford to the plains and back, June 17-22.
In Mr. Coggins’ account* of the trip, which deals with orni- thology rather than botany, occurs the following admirable pic- ture of the plains: “A singular region, hot, level and dry. We wade into the scrub scarce able to believe that it is over the top of a dwarf forest that we are gazing for miles. Its barrenness, except for the stunted vegetation, recalls vividly to mind long forgotten descriptions of desert regions. ‘The heat rising from the parched ground gives a blur of uncertainty to distant out- lines, and we close our eyes involuntarily before the glare of the sun on the exposed gravel areas. Chewinks and brown thrashers scuffle listless in the dry soil. A mere speck in the sky, a turkey vulture, circles lazily for a time then drops from view beyond the horizon. A little tree lizard at our step scurries across a. gravel patch and disappears under the dry leaves. The only other sound of life is the weary vibrant trill of the prairie warbler, which rises on the hot air like a supplication for life.”
Trips through the pines, even with the certainty of much botanical reward, have drawbacks which are liable to make one hesitate, as Mr. Saunders truly says: ‘“Tthe sands are heavy, the flies and ticks and mosquitos are numerous, the heat is ex- cessive, springs are few and far between and forest fires are apt to be at their devastating work.” At the same time thoughts of the pungent odor of the pines, the cool shade of the cedar swamp,
* Cassinia, 1902, p. 26.
68 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
where the road runs through, with its white bridge spanning the dark tea-like water of the stream; the refreshing draught of the water itself, always palatable in spite of its dark color; the fragrance of the magnolia, azalea and clethra, and the beauties of the ever attractive pine barren flowers, all tend to obliterate the memory of clouds of mosquitos and dripping perspiration and draw the naturalist back again and again to this wonderful wilderness.
The streams of the pine barrens are navigable by canoe, and many a trip has been made over their dark waters. One of these is admirably described by Henry Vandyke in his delightful sketch “Between the Lupin and the Laurel,” and in it the reader will find an excellent account of the pine barrens in spring time.*
As one enters the Pine Barrens from the agricultural region of Western Jersey, the most striking feature, apart from the Pines themselves, is the continuous shrubby undergrowth of Bracken Pteridium aquilinum, Sweet Fern Comptonia aspleni- folia and Chain Fern Woodwardia virginica. Then the absence of such familiar trees as the Wild Cherry Prunus serotina, Sweet Gum Liquidambar styraciflua, Willow Oak Quercus phellos, etc., and the presence of White Birch Betula alba, and the abundance of Sassafras Sassafras sassafras, Sour Gum Nyssa sylvatica, Chestnut Oak Quercus prinus and the Scrub Oaks Q. ilictfolia, marylandica and prinoides. The White Oak Q. alba, Black Oak Q. velutina and Post Oak Q. stellata, occur in the outlying pore tions of the Pine Barrens or locally throughout, but the first two are often rare over large areas.
The abundant pine is the Pitch Pine Pinus rigida. The Yellow Pine Pinus echinata occurs, locally, sometimes in large tracts, but in other sections is absent.
The forests of the Pine Barrens to-day present considerable diversity, due to the inroads of fire and axe, and my efforts to ascertain from old residents just what the primitive condition was have resulted in such contradictory information that I am in doubt as to just what should be said on the matter.t+
*Cf. also Gustave Kobbe, “The New Jersey Coast and Pines.” C. C. Abbott, “Days Out of Doors.”
+ Cf. for detailed discussion of N. J. Forests. Cf. Reports in Ann. Rept. State Geologist.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 69
There are woods of rather tall Pine with practically no oaks ‘of any size, but with an undergrowth of Scrub Oaks and Huckle- berries.
Then there is a more open growth in which Oaks and Pines mingle in about equal proportion and in which the Oaks, mainly
‘Q. marilandica, reach a fair height.
Other sections are covered with a dense growth of Oaks, in- cluding Q. prinus, alba, marilandica, ilicifolia and velutina.
It seems to me that the first two types are the natural or primitive ones, while the solid Oak growth covers recent clear- ings. The Pines spring) up again in such tracts and reassert themselves unless fire or continuous clearing have exterminated them. Indeed, it is remarkable to see how rapidly young Pines will develop. In old abandoned open ground which has grown up in Andropogon grass the’ Pines will soon establish themselves and grow rapidly. Equally rapid growth is seen on the bottom of sand excavations along the railroads where a ridge of eight or ten feet in height has been entirely removed for grading’ purposes somewhere else, and in a few years the floor will be completely covered with the regular forest vegetation with flourishing young Pines on all sides.
The typical open Pine forest (see Pl. CXXVIT) is character- ized by the following species:
Pteridium aquilinum. ; Helianthemum canadense,
Pinus rigida. Baptisia tinctoria.
Panicum commonsianum. Kalmia angustifolia.
i; addisoni. Pieris mariana. columbianum. Epigaea repens.
Andropogon scoparius. Vaccinium vaccillans.
« virginicus. Gaylussacia baccata. Smilax. glauca. Hieracium venosum. : Quercus ilicifolia. Aster concolor.
i marilandica. “ patens. te stellata. Sericocarpus asteroides. Comptonia asplenifolia. Solidago odora, etc.
Sassafras sassafras.
In bare open sandy patches occur Lichens of several species, together with:
70 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Cyperus grayi. Arenaria caroliniana.
i filiculmis macilentus. Lechea racemulosa. Carex umbellata. Euphorbia ipecacuanhae. Hudsonia ericoides. Cracca virginiana.
The Cedar swamps (see Pl. CXXVII) which line all the streams of the Pine Barrens possess quite a different flora, some of the characteristic ‘species being’:
Chamaecyparis thyoides. Rhus vernix.
Magnolia virginiana. Carex folliculata.
Acer rubrum carolinianum. “ trisperma. Clethra alnifolia. Drosera rotundifolia. Nyssa _ sylvatica. Osmunda cinnamomea. Alnus rugosa. Vaccinium corymbosum. Tlex glabra. ae atrococcum. Viburnum nudum. Azalea viscosa.
The natural open bogs are characterized by the presence of suich species as:
Oxycoccus macrocarpon. Eriocaulon decangulare.
Sarracenia purpurea. re compressum.
Orontium aquaticum. o septangulare,
Castalia odorata, / Drosera longifolia.
Nymphea variegata. Polygala lutea.
Utricularia spp. Blephariglottis blephariglottis. “ce
‘Pogonia ophioglossoides. cristata, etc. etc.*
Limodorum tuberosum.
The curious elévated tract known as the Plains (see PI. CXXVIII.), which covers portions of Burlington and Ocean Counties, presents a stunted vegetation scarcely higher than one’s knees, consisting mainly of Pinus rigida, Quercus marilandica and Q. ilicifolia, but with all the characteristic species of the open pine woods. The additional species more or less peculiar to the Plains are Corema conradu and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
* The above lists are by no means exhaustive, and are simply given to call attention to some of the dominant or more conspicuous species of the several types of environment to be found in the Pine Barrens. No attempt has been made toward an “ecological” study of the region. While much valuable work has been done along true ecological lines, a certain amount of discredit appears to have been thrown upon the term by the fragmentary and super-
ficial work presented under this title by certain writers. The hasty division of a flora into various societies and associations is a case in point. To my
mind the only proper basis for work of this kind is the detailed study of a number of similar spots in a given area, such as the various patches of
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 71
Mr. Gifford Pinchot published an account of the Plains in the Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1898, and from this I have taken most of the following figures. Mr. Pinchot’s conclusions agree entirely with my own observa- tions in this interesting region.
The Plains occupy the highest part of the central Pine Barrens, ranging from 100 to 200 feet above sea level. ‘They stretch from a point three miles east of Woodmansie south nearly to Munyon Field, varying from two to four miles wide, and are bisected by the Oswego river and its adjoining swamps. The upper section lying west of Cedar Bridge constitutes the West Plains, the lower the East Plains, the location of the former on the U. S. Geological Survey Maps being entirely wrong.
The West or Upper Plains comprise 7,737 acres and the East or Lower Plains 6,662, though with outlying tracts of similar character this region of stunted vegetation probably covers an area of nearly 20,000 acres.
The soil is exceedingly poor, consisting largely of white sand and coarse white pebbles, but it is no different in composition or in aridity from that of other dry sections of the Pine Barrens. Mr. Pinchot found that the Pine trees, such as had developed trunks with sufficiently well marked rings for counting, averaged about thirteen years in age, though one three feet high was thirty- one years old.
Most of the Pines, however, consist of sprout growth from old stumps which have been burned back by countless fires, some being almost globular burls with slender radiating stems. There are also numerous seedlings with prostrate stems. Occasionally a tree will approach a normal height of six to fifteen feet, but they are rare and usually killed by fire.
Jersey Pine woods in the middle district of the region here considered or the various cedar swamps of the Pine Barrens. By a comparison of results it will be possible to determine what species really do occur in close association in all such similar locations. The establishment of such associations upon a few days’ study seems utterly unwarranted, and when, as is usually the case, the same author proposes a different lot of “associations” for every area he studies, the utility of the whole method is called into question.
Furthermore, some writers on “ecology” are so careless in the systematic side of their work that their papers abound in misidentifications which, of course, render them practically worthless.
72 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
The prostrate character of the trees reminds one strongly of timber line vegetation on high mountains and is doubtless due to the elevated, exposed and wind-swept nature of the region, con- ditions congenial to the Arctostaphylos and Corema, which here reach their southern limit.
Add to this the constantly recurring fires which help to main- tain the above conditions and the slow growth of all the trees in the most arid parts of the Pine Barrens, and we probably have all the factors necessary to explain the conditions found on the plains.
It seems likely that the Indians were in the habit of burning off this region long before the advent of the whites, and early intensified original conditions, a practice that the accidental fires of later years have perpetuated.
The term Pine Barrens has been used very loosely by those who have written upon the plants of New Jersey.
Rev. L. H. Lighthipe* refers all of southern New Jersey below the triassic to the Pine Barrens.
Dr. Arthur Hollick} limits it to the portion lying south of a line from Long Branch to Salem.
Mr. C. C. Vermuelet gives it as “practically all of that portion of the State southeast of a line from Seabright to Glassboro and thence through Bridgeton to Delaware Bay.” Both of these latter statements are based exclusively upon a study of forest trees, and as a result of careful field studies on the same line Mr. Vermeule (Ann. Rept. State Geol. N. J., 1898, p. 185) limits the coniferous forest to the region east of a line beginning at Asbury Park and passing through Farmingdale, Brindletown, New Lisbon and Taunton, with a considerable indentation south of Vincentown; thence to Atco, Andrews, Iona and south along the Maurice river. The belt between this and the previous line, he states, is composed of mixed coniferous and deciduous forest.
My studies, based upon herbs and shrubs as well as trees, show that the western border of the Pine Barren botanical region coin-
* Torreya II, p. 70. + Report on Forests, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist for 1899, 182. + Do. p. 16.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 73
cides very closely with Mr. Vermeule’s boundary of the conifer- ous forest (see colored map), the only important differences being some projections to include outlying Pine Barren “peninsulas” or “islands,” especially the region southeast of Clementon, and the exclusion of the coast strip, a similar strip along the bay shore from Port Norris to Dennisville, which belongs to the Middle or West Jersey district, and the Cape May peninsula south of the great Cedar Swamp, which, although it contains some Pine Bar- ren “islands,” is mainly coastal and West Jersey in its affinities, as already explained.
The errors in most attempts to outline the Pine Barren region were due to a total lack of knowledge of the southwestern por- tion of the State, the prevailing idea being that the Pines must cover all of the yellow gravel tertiary area, while as a matter of fact they stop short at the Maurice river, the region west of this, especially north of Bridgeton, being fine farm land, often rolling with patches of deciduous forest here and there.
The boundary line between the Pine Barrens and the ‘““Middle’”’ and “Coastal” districts which bound it, respectively, on the west and east, is not a straight or sharp one; narrow tongues of the two floras interlace and often both elements will be found in the same bog or swamp along the border line. On the east, moreover, the peculiar coastal flora will be found running up the tidewater streams and their tributaries well into the Pine Barrens as far, for instance, as Toms River, Batsto, Mays Landing and Mill- ville, where artificial dams now seem to mark the limit of the coastal intrusion. On other streams the coast plants follow back to the natural limit of tidewater, and perhaps some isolated colonies of stich species well within the Pine Barrens owe their ptesence to the intrusion along tidewater streams that were sub- sequently dammed. In grouping the records in the systematic part of this report the same locality may often be put in one dis- trict under one species and another under another, when it is located on the border line between the two. Mays Landing, for instance, is cited as a Pine Barren locality for the Pine Barren species occurring above the dam, while when cited in connection with the coastal plants occurring below the dam, it is placed in the Coastal district. In addition to the main Pine Barren district
74 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
there are in the Middle or West Jersey districts certain “Pine Barren” islands, where a number of characteristic Pine Barren plants occur, often associated with species of wide range or others typical of the Middle district. One of the most important of these is the so-called Sandhill region of Middlesex Co., while Griffith’s Swamp (now destroyed) near Lawnside, Camden Co., was famous in the past. Prof. J. B. Smith has indicated several of these islands in his map (Ann. Rept. N. J. State Museum for 1909), but they do not seem sufficiently well marked or equal in character to warrant such recognition.
There seems to be no peculiar geological formation correlated with these outlying colonies except that dry ground species are found where deposits of pure white sand or gravel occur, but which are not necessarily of the same age as similar deposits in the Pine Barren area proper.
Intrusions of the Middle district flora into the Pine Barrens in the form of narrow tongues along the boundary line have al- ready been alluded to, but there are also occurrences of similar species well within the region, where extensive clearings have been effected and maintained for long. periods of years; such occurrences can, I think, be safely regarded as intrusions from the Middle district, analogous to the occurrence of weeds in all spots that are brought under cultivation.
The attempts that have been made to list the typical plants of the Pine Barrens are in some respects as misleading as the efforts. to outline the district, due, of course, to the fact that the writers were only familiar with a portion of the region or were relying entirely upon compilation.
Dr. Britton’s list of fifty Pine Barren species* comprises. twenty-five that are as common in the Middle district as in the Pines, and six that are distinctly Middle district species and do not occur in the Pine Barrens—Desmodium viridifiorum, Phlox sub-. ulata, Quercus phellos, Stipa avenacea, Juncus scirpoides, Eleo- charis melanocarpa.
Rev. Mr. Lightpipe’s list} contains the following, which are not found at all in the Pine Barrens, or are very rare: Onoclea sensi-
* Bull. Torr. Bot. Club VIL, p. 82; XI, p. 126. + Torreya IL, p. 79.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 75
bilis, Equisitacee, Pinus virginiana, Uniola laxa, Stipa avenacea, Chamelirium luteum, Pogonia divaricata (one record), Quercus phellos, Castanea pumila, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nelumbo lutea, Viola atlantica, Azalea nudiflora, Salvia lyrata. Also the- following, which were apparently wrongly attributed to New Jersey: Aletris aurea and Chondrophora.
Mr. Roland Harper* gives as species confined to the New Jersey Pine Barrens, or much commoner in New Jersey than in adjoin- ing States, Dicromena colorata and Aletris aurea, of which we have no definite records, and Eriocaulon parkeri, a middle district plant which does not occur in the Pine Barrens. Polygala lutea, Clethra alnifolia and Sabatia lanceolata are given in his list of characteristic North Carolina Pine Barren plants, but omitted from the New Jersey list, though it would be hard to find more generally distributed species in the latter region.
An analysis of the Pine Barren flora based upon the data pre- sented beyond shows the following numerical results:
Total number of species growing in the Pine Barrens exclusive of weeds, 565 Species occurring only locally in long-settled spots, obviously intrusions
from the Middle or other districts, .......... 0... c cece cece e eee 179 Trtié Pine Barret’: Ploray ccc aancecceaua vs one ens a 4 omen aeene dea 386 Of these there are: Common to the Middle District, 2.0.0.0... ccc cece eee eee 205 « 8 “Coast: Tslands) sq-prccusen ster dmeceadrigtetanniad duc Ane aaaes 162 af fe “Cape: May. District). sgic nec sade nnn seein eee ee 252 Not found elsewhere in New Jersey, .......... 0. secs cece eee eee nee 55 sf f © Phe WOES vcceciacs clos haben Mabeemete ieee pet ees at Systematically they may be grouped as follows: Pteridophytes, 20.0.0... c cece eect tee ne ene n nes II Gymmosperms, 1.0... 0.000 e cece teen tte ete eee tenets 8. Monocotyledons Gramines, ©... 0... 2s cee eee ee eee e eee eee erent 44 Cyperace, 2... c ieee ccc eee ener eet en eee ene 55 Others): 22: cyeces wae eeeiedegaien ese oe goede s 590 —- 158 Dicotyledons Polypetale, .........--. 000s seceeee tenet eee neers 100 Monopetala, ......... 0 cece cece terete ene eens 114 —— 214
* Torreya VII, 42. + Juncus cesariensis, Eupatorium resinosum.
76 REPORT OF NEW JERSKY STATE MUSEUM.
In relation to their general range they may be grouped as fol- lows:
WIDE RANGING.
Throughout North America, .....--.0.. ee eeee eee etree eer e nett eee cees 5 Canadian Provinces to Virginia—Florida, ......-.-- 0s sees sere teeter eres 72 Maine-New Hampshire to Virginia—Florida, .......-...0e+ sees seen res 76 153 NORTHERN ELEMENT.
Plants ranging south to...........eeee eee eee eee ees N. J. Del. or wid.
From Labrador, ......... cee e eee eee ne tee teee 3 fo)
Newfoundland, ........-. sc eee eee eee eens 10 3
New Brunswick, ...........0.00e cece eee ee te) 3
Noval S€Gtiay, ccccccnacspaae Raed SESE ROSS 2 2
Man: gees ya Mee Raceline. 2 Lea 3 2
18* 10
Plants ranging north to........... N.J. So.N.¥. R.I.or Ct Mass.
From Vitginia, i.¢2i0s.0saseden I I I 4
N; ‘Caroling, ssscresaes 5 fe) I 3
S. Carolina, ...... pgeatesies 4 fe) I 2
Georgia, ..... ce eee ee eee 5 3 3 4
POPE Ay. - carcauenead serinisetaans 55 29 18 48
70* 33 24 67
LOCAL ELEMENT.
New: Jetséy -ofily; sof IN. JcDEl 4 cs cikinnct ocemsetad ea seyeetee mee tes 5 Nie Souithe tan Ns M65 sigan eqoeitn co Ged auenrmvn iad ended. gauasrtorauatle Bea Sates 3 IN& JAAS wededatetratu are a a reimaediben inpavaaiien ace yienmatondiaieine te hytampdpeletdinays 5 Del -Massi, wie okseikee veers sane dae eee creat abs seamount 4 17
LIST OF NEW JERSEY PINE BARREN PLANTS.
I. Characteristic Pine Barren Species.t—-Those which occur locally or as stragglers in other districts are so indicated by the initial letters of the districts, 7. e., M, Middle; C, Coast; C M, Cape May.
* Detailed lists on pp. 49-56. The number of species there attributed to the Pine Barrens may differ a trifle from the totals here given due to additional data on distributon received after these figures were compiled.
+A few species which occur only in the Pine Barrens or in the Middle District and Pine Barrens are omitted from these lists since they are rare and not typical, but they are, of course, included in the numerical statement.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 77
Schizza pusilla (c). Dryopteris simulata. Lycopodium chapmanii (c, cm).
i alopecuroides (cm). carolinianum (c, cm). Chamecyparis thyoides (m). Pinus rigida (mM, c, cm). Sparganium americanum. Potamogeton oakesianus (cm).
ss confervoides. Sagittaria longirostra (cm). Erianthus saccharoides.
Panicum longifolium (cm).
3 meridionale (c, cm).
leucothrix.
spretum (c, cM).
ensifolium (cM).
clutei (cm).
lucidum (c, cm).
scabriusculum.
cryptanthum. commonsianum (c, cm). , columbianum thinium (mM, c, CM). Amphicarpon amphicarpon (cM). Sporobolus serotinus (m).
a torreyanus (CM). Calamovilfa brevipilis.
Agrostis elata (cM).
Danthonia epilis.
Cyperus cylindricus (Mm, c, cM). . dentatus (M).
Eleocharis robbinsii (™).
i‘ torreyana (CM).
ie tuberculosa (M, c, cM).
" tricostata (M, CM). Scirpus subterminalis (cm).
longii. Eriophorum tenellum (M, cm). Rynchospora pallida (m,, cm).
“
oligantha.
a alba (M, c, CM).
: knieskernii.
“ filifolia.
i gl. leptocarpa. axillaris.
e axillaris microcephala. fusca (cM).
“ gracilenta (cM).
se torreyana (cM).
Cladium mariscoides (c, cm). Scleria triglomerata (m). ee minor (M, cm). torreyana (cm). Carex bullata (™). “_walteriana (M, c). livida. barrattii (mM, cm). exilis. | atlantica (Mm). trisperma. Orontium aquaticum (Mm, cM). Xyris caroliniana (cm). “congdoni (m). fimbriata. arenicola, Eriocaulon septangulare. me compressum (cM). decangulare (cM). Juncus aristulatus (c, cm). “—militaris (m). cesariensis (m). Tofieldia racemosa. Abama americana. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (™). Uvularia nitida. Smilax tamnifolia (mM, cm). “Taurifolia (cm). walteri (cm). Gyrotheca tinctoria (cm). Lophiola americana. Gymnadeniopsis integra. Biephariglottis blephariglottis (m), cM). cristata (M, CM). Pogonia divaricata (cm). Gyrostachys precox (cM).
& vernalis (c). Betula populifolia (m, c). Quercus marilandica (M, c, cM).
i ilicifolia (mM, c, CM). Arenaria caroliniana. Nymphza variegata (M, CM). Brasenia purpurea (M, cm). Sarracenia purpurea (M, CM). Drosera filiformis (M, ¢c). Itea virginica (M, cM). Meibomia sessilifolia.
“ stricta (M). Lespedeza angustifolia (mM, cM).
‘
“
“
“
“
“
78 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Lespedeza oblongifolia. Clitoria mariana (M, cM). Linum floridanum (c). Polygala lutea (mM, cm).
e cruciata (M, Cc, CM). brevifolia (™). mariana (cM). Euphorbia ipecacuanhe (M, cM). Corema conradii.
Tlex glabra (M, c, cM).
Acer rubrum carolinianum (cM). Ascyrum stans (M, CM).
Hypericum densiflorum (m).
i. virgatum ovalifolium (m cM).
Hudsonia ericoides (c).
Lechea minor (M, cM).
“racemulosa (M, cM). Rhexia mariana (M, CM).
“ aristata,
Ludvigia linearis.
hirtella (cm). Proserpinaca pectinata (M, CM). Myriophyllum humile (Mm. c). Oxypolis rigidior longifolia. Azalea viscosa (M, C, CM).
i “e glauca (m).
Dendrium buxifolium. Kalmia angustifolia (m, c). Pieris mariana (M, Cc). ‘Chameedaphne calyculata (Mm). Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Gaylussacia dumosa (M, CM). Vaccinium corymbosum (mM, c).
e virgatum.
“
“
Oxycoccus macrocarpus (M, Cc. CM).
Pyxidanthera barbulata (m). Trichostema lineare (m). . Sabbatia lanceolata (cm). Gentiana porphyrio (cm).
Asclepias rubra (M, cM). Breweria pickeringii. Cuscuta cephalanthi. Gerardia holmiana.
S racemulosa. Schwalbea americana. Utricularia cornuta.
i subulata (M, Cc). cleistogama (CM). - inflata (M, cM). purpurea (M, CM). ss clandestina (m). i intermedia (M). fibrosa (M). virgatula (cm). Galium pilosum puncticulosum (cm). Lobelia nuttallii (m, c, cm).
“ canbyi.
Nabalus virgatus. Sclerolepis uniflora (cM). Eupatorium album (mM, c, CM).
album subvenosum. = resinosum. a leucolepis (c, cM).
Lacinaria gramin. pilosa (M, c, CM). Chrysopsis falcata. Solidago stricta.
i puberula (mM, cm). erecta (M, CM). uniligulata.
me fistulosa (M, ¢, CM). Aster nemoralis (™).
“gracilis (1, c, CM).
“ spectabilis (M, CM).
“dumosus (M, ¢, CM). Deellingeria umbellata humilis. Helianthus angustifolius (™, c, CM). Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba (c,
cM).
II. SPECIES COMMON TO BOTH THE PINE BARRENS AND MIDDLE DISTRICT.
Pteridiunr aquilinum. Woodwardia virginica. “ areolata, Osmunda cinnamomea. . regalis. Pinus echinata.
Potamogeton epihydrus. Sparganium amer. androcladum. Andropogon scoparius. es corymbosus abbreviatus. gs virginicus. Paspalum setaceum.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 79
Panicum verrucosum. lindheimeri. spherocarpon. villosissimum. oligosanthes. pseudopubescens. ashei. columbianum. addisonii. tsugetorum. virgatum cubense. Aristida dichotoma.
gracilis. purpurascens. Calamagrostis cinnoides. Agrostis hyemalis. Danthonia sericea.
fa spicata. Triplasis purpurea. Panicularia obtusa. Festuca octoflora. Cyperus flavescens.
ef filiculmis macilentus. Eleocharis olivacea.
ve tenuis. Scirpus americanus,
o cyperinus. eriophorum. Fimbristylis autumnalis. Eriophorum virginicum. Rynchospora glomerata.
ef macrostachya inundata. ne smallii. Carex collinsii.
“ folliculata.
pennsylvanica.
umbellata 4e “ce
46
“
“
tonsa. canescens disjuncta. albolutescens. annectens. Xyris torta. Pontederia cordata. Juncus pelocarpus, effusus.
tenuis.
« — dichotomus. “canadensis.
« _ acuminatus.
“cb “
6
debilis.
Zygadenus leimanthoides. Helonias bullata.
Lilium superbum. Aletris farinosa.
Smilax rotundifolia.
“glauca.
Hypoxis hirsuta. Iris prismatica. Sisyrinchium atlanticum. Cypripedium acaule. Gymnandeniopsis clavellata, Blephariglottis ciliaris. Pogonia ophioglossoides. Arethusa bulbosa. Limodorum tuberosum. Gyrostachys beckii.
is cernua. Listera australis. Populus grandidentata. Comptonia peregrina. Alnus rugosa. Quercus alba.
sf minor. prinus. prinoides. Polygonella articulata. Phoradendron flavescens. Castalia odorata. Magnolia virginiana. Drosera longifolia.’
m rotundifolia. Sassafras sassafras. Rubus hispidus.
« villosus. cuneifolius, Aronia nigra.
" arbutifolia. Amelanchier intermedia. Crataegus tomentosus. Bapti@ia tinctoria. Lupinus perennis. Cracca virginiana. Stylosanthes biflora. Meibomia michauxii.
rigida. obtusa. marilandica. Lespedeza repens.
4 frutescens. stuvei.
“c
“
“
“c
“
6c
80 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Lespedeza hirta. Apios apios. Galactia regularis. Linum striatum. Polygala nuttallii.
ce polygama. Crotonopsis linearis. Rhus vernix. licioides mucronata. Ilex laevigata. Ascyrum hypericoides. Hypericum canadense. Sarothra gentianoides. Triadenum virginicum. Helianthemum canadense. Lechea villosa.
me leggettii. Viola lanceolata, Rotala ramosior. Decodon verticillatus. Rhexia virginica. Ludvigia alternifolia.
Bi sphaerocarpa.
Chamaenerion angustifolium.
Epilobium coloratum. Nyssa sylvatica.
Clethra alnifolia. Rhododendron maximum. Kalmia latifolia. Leucothoe racemosa. Xolisma ligustrina. Epigaea repens. Gaultheria procumbens. Gaylusacia baccata.
- frondosa. Vaccinium vaccillans.
i atrococcum. Lysimachia terrestris. Trientalis borealis. Bartonia virginica.
s paniculata. Limnanthemum lacunosum. Asclepias amplexicaulis.
Cuscuta compacta.
Ms arvensis. Trichostema dichotomum. Koellia mutica.
“ _-verticillata. Lycopus sessilifolius. Linaria canadensis. Gratiola aurea. Dasystoma pedicularis. Gerardia purpurea. Melampyrum lineare. Utricularia gibba. Cephalanthus occidentalis. Diodia teres.
Viburnum nudum.
a cassinoides. Adopogon carolinianum. Hieracium gronovii.
. venosum, Nabalus trifoliatus. Eupatorium pubescens.
a - rotundifolium. verbenaefolium. hyssopifolium. Chrysopsis mariana. ‘ Solidago bicolor.
iy nemoralis. odora. neglecta. rugosa. Euthamia caroliniana. Sericocarpus asteroides.
a linifolius. Aster concolor.
“ patens.
undulatus.
novi-belgii.
Tonactis linariifolius.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium. es purpureum.
Helianthus divaricatus.
Coreopsis rosea. :
“
“
“
“
THE MIDDLE DISTRICT,
What I have termed the Middle District occupies that portion of the coastal plain which lies west and north of the Pine Barrens, reaching around the bay shore to Dennisville, although its sepa--
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 81
ration from the Cape May district is purely an arbitrary one. To the north it stretches up to the head of the Hackensack marshes, and includes Staten Island, part of Long Island, as well as a strip. of eastern Pennsylvania lying east of the fall line, comprising a considerable section of Bucks County and Tinicum township, in Delaware County. The lower part of Philadelphia also be- longed to this district, though its native flora is now practically exterminated.
This is the region referred to by Dr. Arthur Hollick in his interesting paper on “The Relation Between Forestry and Geology in New Jersey’* as the “Tension Zone,” “because it is there that the two floras [1. e., the deciduous forest of the north- ern uplands and the coniferous forest of the Pine Barrens] meet and overlap, producing a constant state of strain or tension in the struggle for advantage.”
Dr. Hollick was admittedly drawing his conclusions mainly from a study of the northern edge of the Pine Barrens as seen in the “tongues” which cross a line from Monmouth Junction to Farmingdale, and was not in possession of detailed information on the distribution of species in the southern part of the State. He, therefore, missed the fact that the so-called “Tension Zone” is not merely a mixture of elements from the northern counties and the Pine Barrens, but is characterized by a large number of peculiar species which are as foreign to one of the above regions as they are to the other. Some of the trees which are peculiar to the Middle District as contrasted with the Northern Uplands and Pine Barrens are Dospyros virginiana, Ilex opaca, Pinus virginiana, Quercus phellos, Betula migra, Liquidambar sty- raciflua. .Dr. Hollick states that all of these occur in the Conif- erous Zone, but, as a matter of fact, they are unknown in the Pine Bar rens, though they re-occur on the coast strip and in ‘the Cape May district. Therefore, while I heartily agree with Dr. Hollick’s contention that “the mechanical structure of the soil” is the most potent factor in the distribution of plants, I fail to appreciate the importance of “tension” in the vegetation of this zone. 'T'o me it seems to be a division of the coastal plain of equal rank with the Pine Barrens.
* Report on Forests, Ann. Rep. State Geol. N. J. for 1899, pp. 177-201.
A RNATTC
82 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
This Middle district is eminently an agricultural one and largely given over to truck farms, so that the original flora is exterminated over large areas. Bogs and swamps have been drained to a great extent and much forest land thas disappeared. There are still, however, along the banks of creeks and streams and in other situations sufficient remnants to form a pretty accurate idea of the constituents of the flora.
j
Ul
\
q if Nin
f
wy Wp
f wal
UN
=]
Y)
Fig. 4——Range of Erythronium americanum, a species which enters the upper edge of the Middle District.
The region comprises all of the cretaceous formation, and part of the tertiary, as already explained, but peculiarities in distribu- tion conform not to the boundaries of these areas, but rather to the areas of marl, sand or other varieties of surface soil.
Several elements or intrusions may be detected in this flora of the Middle district:
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 83
(1) Plants that have spread over from the country north of the fall line, most noticeable in the northwestern part of Burling- ton County and northern Monmouth County (Fig. 4).
(2) The isolated Pine Barren colonies or islands already re- ferred to.
(3) Species which seem to have their center of abundance in the Cape May district or more properly in Delaware (Fig. 5).
=7
=o
Fig. 5.—Range of Lobelia puberula, a Cape May plant which pushes along the coast and Lower Middle District.
In the bogs at Delanco and Repaupo, close to the Delaware, and to a less extent: in some of the others occur certain decidedly boreal species, which probably owe their presence here to some earlier phenomenon than the recent influx of upland species across the fall line. These occurrences are parallel with the presence of Rhododendron and Ilicioides in the swamps of the Pine Barrens.
84 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Such species are Muhlenbergia foliosa, Carex limosa, Erio- phorum gracile, Scirpus torreyi, Schenchzeria palustris, Meny- anthes trifoliatus.
The district presents many varieties of vegetation. The tide- water creeks along the Delaware support Zizania palustris, Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Peltandra virginica, Sagittaria latifolia, Nymphea advena, Polygonum sagittatum, P. arifolwum, Bidens levis, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Sambucus canadensis, etc., etc.
In the swampy meadows characteristic species are Eupatorimim maculatum, E. perfoliatum Soldiago rugosa, Euthamia gramini- folia, Mimulus ringens, Chelone glabra, Lobelia cardinalis, Ver- nonia noveboracensis, Aster novi-belgii, A. puniceus, Cuscuta gronovi, Galium asprellum, Alnus rugosa, Asclepias pulchra, etc., etc.
Woodlands vary a great deal in composition. Near the Dela- ware in Camden County are some almost exclusively composed of beech, Fagus grandifolia, with which are associated Quercus rubra and Q. alba, with very little undergrowth and such herbs as Leptamnium virginianum,, Hypopitys hypopitys, Chimaphila maculata, Peramium pubescens and Mitchella repens. —
Pure beech woods, however, are rare, and the typical West
Jersey woods, especially along the streams, consist of Quercus phellos, Q. palustris, Q. triloba, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lirio- dendron tulipifera, Fagus grandifolia, Corpinus caroliniana, Cornus florida, Betula nigra, Nyssa sylvatica, Hicoria alba, H. glabra, Prunus serotina, Diospyros virginiana, with undergrowth of Viburnum dentatum, Ilex opaca, Azalea nudiflora, Evonymus americanus, etc. __In other spots more remote from water an almost pure growth of Pinus virginiana occurs, with huckleberries here and there and such herbs as Cypripedium acaule, Silene caroliniana, Chimaphila maculata, C. umbellata, Pyrola rotundifolia, P. chlorantha, P. secunda, Asclepias amplexicaulis, various species of Panicum, etc., etc.
In the bogs some Pine Barren species often occur, with such other species as Polygala viridescens, Castilleja coccinea, Lobelia cardimalis, Gentiana crinita, Gentiana saponaria, Sanguisorba
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 85
canadensis, Caltha palustris, etc., none of which occur in the Pines.
Numerically the flora of the Middle District comprises, exclusive of
Weeds; 24 secudurnnecdaadnum aencdet pada NARs hee cay gee tam eRe alee et pum cree a 1138 Obvious intrusions or “relicts’ from the Pine Barrens or from Other. MISthHiGts,: cseess opp suns eneadatome deine eudons eee: 114 Plants common to the northern half of the State, but occurring only in the upper part of the Middle District, ..................00, 655 — 769 Characteristic Middle District Flora, ............000ec ccc eeeeeee 369
Systematically these are grouped as follows:
Pterydophytesy: ic insdenvde eaiesc ea wacdrared vc cu eae oe ee oa we one oka 8
Gy MNOsPerwniss 254 gies 2:5 5s aie 8S isacd aH ate aetagiel &dohenn 4B bAmeabaseda OA Aveo 3 Monocotyledons Graminesz, .......... 00. e cece eee EAbsiah inn savy ntat 39 CV PEACE sect ce dace aectien gs deoncneayA Ora mesa eam aceiees 33 Others, issues dearosiais apse ge tnarhions wax ek yseneRs 40
: — 112 Dicotyledons Polypetalae, ......... 0.00.0 cece cece e cee ence en eennens 128 Monopetala, ............ cece eee eee ines ese ng ved Gace 118
; —— 246
369
Considering the entire Middle district flora, exclusive of the 114 intrusions, 7. ¢. 1,023 species, we find the range of the species is as follows:
WIDE RANGING.
Whole of North America, . nics cscs aeenece ees cs bau eeass ces bGeaers 18 Canadian Provinces to Virginia~Florida, .............0- eee eee se aca hailed 353 Maitie to: Virginia—Plotiday 2 csaaeds va ce carats oa ne sa ewer gp dane 258
Plants ranging south to........... 0. see cece eee eeeee NJ. Del. or Md.
Prom Labrador; tiiacckavnuay ce oe nomen vara st 7 3 Newtoundland,. sssiecis sors iat eaeies execs 12 8
Nova ScOtia,. aaskiteous beaker iasesases 8 8
New Brunswick, ..........0eceeece eee eees 2 2
IVI SMTIED. easiniertvenoreie she Aslensbelr No uence axccauanians Salts 15 9
New Hampshire, .......--.2 sees e reece eens fo) I
Vermont, ........... Mbkide's oa wae eales wan 2 I
46* 32
* For list of species, see pp. 49-56.
86 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
SOUTHERN ELEMENT.
Plants ranging north to...........- N.J. So.N.Y. Ct.orR.I. Mass.
From Virginia, ..............++ 3 3 2 II
Ny CarOliia 2.2028 cecavcs 2 4 I 6
S. Carolina, ..........--. 2 3 3 4
Ger giay: ier ccnsisinsisncsioins 9 7 7 19
Mloriday. ssakcomsnecacesang 53 30 35 85
69* 56 48 125
LOCAL ELEMENT
NEW. RSE Y: OMY: a) dvevess aude Sets dacatescupadeetnala bcos dso OGL UY OREO TS Tot 3 New JerseyeMaryland,. o.0..6 cs sueernce scat dvinmauionne cia kanes qde de O kN 2 Long Island-New Jersey, ........:ccce cece cece cere tent een e etree eaeeees I Long Island=D clawave? cscs. vcanaioenwapra soe ie taingenitind somoueouasedaen I R. heDelaware: cansceuss: pi arueewnaste dG taeratibe ys eamresaeage ess I Massachusetts’ to: Ni J4 aces ce secuenecssa vas rae sadeus tae ewswanun seams I ne © “Delaware sssactecmencweg ye see eaegnade ween Rae 4 tf Me Ma Fy ANG, ss. itoscotasaschOians a. SRI asta CERT RA GMNE OH ES 5 18
LIST OF CHARACTERISTIC MIDDLE DISTRICT PLANTS.
To the following 167 species are to be added the 202 common
to the Pine Barrens (see p. 78)
Lygodium palmatum. Dryopteris thelypteris. Equisetum arvense. Sorghastrum nutans. Juniperus virginiana. Pinus virginiana. Paspalum prostratum. Panicum stipitatum, depauperatum. dichotomum. microcarpon. barbulatum. scribnerianum. Stipa avenacea. Deschampsia flexuosa. Gymnopogon ambiguus. Eragrostis pectinacea. Panicularia nervata.
es pallida.
* For list of species, see pp. 40-56.
Cyperus retrofractus.
“ hystricinus. Carex lupulina.
“ intumescens. vestita. caroliniana. triceps,
“ ~ oblita.
interior.
varia emmonsii. vulpinoidea. scoparia, Ariseema triphyllum.
“ pusillum. Peltandra virginica. Spathyema feetida. Juncus marginatus.
“ scirpoides. Uvularia sessilifolia.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.
Uvularia perfoliata. Polygonatum commutatum, Medeola virginiana. Dioscorea villosa. Saururus cernuus, Hicoria glabra. Carpinus caroliniana. Betula nigra.
Fagus grandifolia. Castanea dentata. Quercus rudkini.
“palustris. phellos.
“ triloba. Morus rubra. Comandra umbellata. Rumex verticillatus. Polygonum tenue.
x punctatum. sagittatum, arifolium, scandens, Silene caroliniana. Liriodendron tulipifera. Aquilegia canadensis. Anemone quinquefolia. Clematis virginiana. Ranunculus hispidus. Thalictrum polygamum. Benzoin aestivale. Spireea latifolia.
“tomentosa. Fragaria virginiana. Potentilla canadensis. Geum canadense. Rosa carolina.
Prunus serotina. Cassia nictitans. Meibomia nudiflora.
“
- paniculata, Lespedeza nuttallii.
os virginica.
capitata.
Falcata comosa. Geranium maculatum. sf carolinianum. Polygala viridescens. Rhus copallina. “ ~ radicans.
Ilex opaca.
“ verticillata. Impatiens biflora. Vitis labrusca.
“ estivalis. Psedera quinquefolia. Hypericum mutilum, Viola pedata,
“ cucullata. sagittata. primulefolia. rafinesquii. Opuntia opuntia. Onagra biennis. CEnothera laciniata. Kneiffia pumila. Sanicula canadensis. Cicuta maculata. Sium cicutefolium, Angelica villosa. Oxypolis rigidior. Cornus florida.
“ amomum. Pyrola rotundifolium. Chimaphila maculata. Monotropa uniflora. Azalea nudiflora, Lysimachia quadrifolia. Diospyros virginiana. Sabatia angularis. Asclepias tuberosa.
7 variegata. Convolvulus sepium. Cuscuta gronovii. Phiox maculata. Myosotis virginica. Verbena hastata. Scutellaria lateriflora.
ve integrifolia.
Hedeoma pulegioides. Keellia flexuosa. Lycopus americanus. Chelone glabra. Mimulus ringens. Dasystoma flava. Gerardia tenuifolia. Mitchella repens. Galium aparine.
“ _ claytoni.
“
“ce
“c
87
88 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Galium pilosum. Sambucus canadensis. Viburnum dentatum. Specularia perfoliata. Lobelia cardinalis. Adopogon virginicum. Lactuca canadensis.
Vernonia noveboracensis.
Eupatorium maculatum. oe perfoliatum. aromaticum. Willugbeya scandens. Solidago serotina. se altissima.
“
Aster puniceus.
“ Jateriflorus.
“ ericoides. Deellingeria umbellata. Antennaria neodiocia.
se neglecta.
a plantaginifolia.
we parlinii. Helianthus giganteus, Bidens levis.
es comosa.
fe frondosa.
“ bipinnata. Senecio aureus.
if canadensis. Carduus discolor. Euthamia graminifolia. “« muticus.
THE COASTAL STRIP.
The existence of a coastal flora distinct from that of the Pine Barrens and independent of the maritime element was first recog- nized by the writer and pointed out in 1908.*
This is essentially a continuation of the flora of the Middle district around the northern and southern extremities of the Pine Barrens. North. of Asbury Park it practically merges into the Middle district, while south of Sea Isle Junction it is not always clearly defined from similar elements of the Cape May district. On the coast islands from Bay Head to Sewell’s Point, Cape May, it is well developed and contains, in addition to the Middle dis- trict species, a certain number of Pine Barren plants. The strip on the mainland is sometimes so narrow and so cut by projecting arms of the Pine Barrens that it is obviously impossible to tell which species of the latter should be regarded as common also tu the coastal strip. The only plan seems to be to include only such as have become established on the islands. While the coastal flora has been said to be largely identical with that of the Middle
* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1907, p. 452 (issued Jan. 20, 1908). ‘This strip appears in Prof. John B. Smith’s report on New Jersey Insects in last year’s Museum Report. Prof. Smith consulted with me upon the construc- tion of this map and availed himself of the results of my studies upon the distribution of plants and vertebrate animals in New Jersey, but inadvertently failed to mention the fact or to refer to the paper just quoted.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 89
district, there is an additional element of a distinctly boreal nature found neither in the Middle district nor in the Pine Barrens.* Such species are starred in the following list, the other species being plants of similar boreal distribution, but which occur also occasionally in the upper part of the Middle district, although much more abundant on the coast.
Ophioglossum vulgatum. Lycopodium flabelliforme. Potamogeton pectinatus.* Cinna arundinacea. Bromus purgans.* Elymus striatus,
Cyperus diandrus.
Carex lanuginosa.
Juncus articulatus.* Vagnera stellata.* Unifolium canadense. ‘Leptorchis loeselii. Gyrostachys plantaginea.
Fragaria virginica. Sanguisorba canadensis. Rosa virginiana.* Crataegus crus-galli. Falcata comosa. Phaseolus polystachyus. Geranium robertianum.* Polygala verticillata. Celastrus scandens. Hypericum boreale. Myriophyllum tenellum. Samolus floribundus. Sabatia angularis.
Populus tremuloides. Gentiana crinita. Morus rubra. Gentiana andrewsii. Parietaria pennsylvanica.* Lycopus uniflorus. Silene stellata. Scrophularia leporella: Sagina procumbens.* Helianthus giganteus. Moehringia lateriflora. Carduus discolor. Aquilegia canadensis. , “ muticus. Arabis lyrata.
The coast islands form a most interesting field for botanical study, but unfortunately the spread of seaside resorts has cleared one beach after another of its native flora until there is practically no untouched forest except the tract back of Ventnor and south of Atlantic City. This contains numbers of Pitch Pine Pinus rigida, as well as Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana, White Oak Quercus alba, Post Oak Q\. stellata, Spanish Oak Q. triloba, Shadbush Amelanchier intermedia, Wild Cherry Prunus serotina, Sumac Rhus copalina, Red Maple Acer rubum, Grape Vitis esti-
*Dr, H. A. Pilsbry has found a precisely similar element in the Land Snail fauna of the coast strip in the woods below Atlantic City. Cf. The
Nautilus, 1911, pp. 34-35.
90 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
valis, Holly Ilex opaca, Staff Vine Celastrus scandens, Sassafras S. sassafras, and Persimmon Diospyrus virginiana. ‘To the north the island beaches support no trees except a few Red Cedars, though the spit reaching from Bay Head southward contains Quercus phellos, Ilex opaca, Quercus ilicifolia, Pinus rigida. To the south there was until two years ago, quite a wooded thicket at the upper end of Ocean City, comprising the same species as those found near Ventnor, except the Pine.
Sea Isle Beach supported only a few Cedars, as did T'wo-Mile Beach, just above Cape May, but the two intervening islands, Seven and Five-Mile Beaches, were thickly wooded. Pines were very rare, two small ones only, on Seven-Mile and no record for Five-Mile. The abundant species were the same as those found back of Ventnor on the Atlantic City Island, with the addition of Willow Oak Quercus phellos, Red Mulberry Morus rubra, Hackberry Celtis occidentalis and Magnolia virginiana on Seven- Mile Beach, and most of them on Five-Mile Beach as well.
On Seven-Mile Beach immense sand dunes (see pl. CXXIX), towering higher than the forest, shut it off from the sea, but my last visit there found a gang of men cutting down the forest, while steam shovels were leveling the dunes, and dirt cars carried off the sand to be used in the manufacture of concrete houses. Five-Mile Beach has suffered similar “improvement.”
Fortunately good series of the flora of these two islands, now all but extinct, are preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences* and University of Pennsylvania, while Dr. Thos. S. Githens, Prof. Chas. H. LaWall* and the writer have made considerable collections at Ventnor. An “Ecological Study of the New Jersey Strand Flora,” presented by Dr. J. W. Harshberger in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1900, p. 623, contains a good account of the forest of Five-Mile Beach.
A list of the plants peculiar to the coast strip follows. A few of them occur occasionally in the Middle district, but they are far more abundant on the coast. ‘hese are additional to those starred in the preceding list on p. 89, and a number of them are of austral affinities.
* Cf. Bartonia, 1910, pp. 12-21.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. gI
Tripsacum dactyloides. Erianthus saccharoides. Panicum virgatum. oricola. linearifolium. scoparium. mattamusketense, lanuginosum. Spenopholis obtusata. Cyperus grayi.
sf microdontus. Scleria verticillatta. Myrica carolinensis.
Atriplex hastata. Cardamine arenicola. Bradburya virginiana. Kosteletzkya virginica, Hudsonia tomentosa. Lechea maritima. Ludwigiantha arcuata. Hydrocotyle verticillata. Convolvulus repens. Lippia lanceolata. Koellia aristata. Baccharis halimifolia.
The following list comprises some of the species characteristic of the Coast strip as contrasted with the Pine Barrens, but which are also common in West Jersey:
Juniperus virginiana. Panicum huachuce. Tridens flavus. Elymus virginicus. Cyperus rivularis. Carex tenuis. Vagnera racemosa. Quercus phellos. Celtis occidentalis. Polygonum scandens. es punctatum. Benzoin aestivale. Liquidambar styraciflua. Geum canadense. Rosa carolina. Strophostyles helvula. Ilex opaca. Impatiens biflora. Vitis labrusca. Hibiscus moscheutos. Hypericum mutilum. Opuntia opuntia.
Oenothera biennis. Proserpinaca palustris. Sium cicutifolium. Oxypolus rigidior. Cornus florida. Sabatia angularis. Asclepias pulchra. Verbena hastata. Salvia lyrata. Lycopus americanus. Gerardia purpurea. Galium claytoni. Sambucus canadensis. Viburnum dentatum. Lobelia cardinalis. Vernonia noveboracensis. Eupatorium maculatum. perfoliatum. Solidago altissima. Helenium autumnale. Carduus spinosissimus.
The coast strip flora, exclusive of the halophytes of the strand and
salt marshes, COMPTFiSES ..... 6. cece eee e cece eee eee eee ees 524 species Of these there are local intrusions from other districts, ....... eve 32 True coast strip flora, ..........+6+. Soto ke tA RMG ATES 492
These range as follows:
92 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
WIDE RANGING.
Throughout North America, ....-....ceeee eect etree tenet eee e ne tetine 12 Canadian Provinces to Virginia—-Florida, ............ccee eee e cence eens 156 Maine-N. Hampshire to Virginia—Florida, .........0.+ +++ see eeeeeeee ees 134
Hl NORTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging south to............ eee eee een eee Seay N.J. Del. or Md. Bron LabradOtcccscns ox var renkionmons tetwahuacenterainnd SS I
Newfoundland, cdsc sscquanae eee ve uwiienes cer Io I New Brunswick, ......... ccc eeeeee erences I 2
ING Va SGOtlas, ncico6 esis. camel pane See weeRT aes 2
MAINE, asccrcceictaie taunt ageiinin viene a OCR “2 6
II
SOUTHERN ELEMENT.
Plants ranging north to............ N.J. So.N.Y. Ct.orR.I. Mass. From Virginia, ..........-....-5 I I 5
Ni Carolina, i540 2ca gies I
SCarolinaech: viscuwerdaies I
GeOrela,, «dient sne sl aeaes I
Florida, ................. 28
NGwe Jersey iomlysy aiazessctes sereses suausuuiln sures ndutah senlamostays ane aveendaaadaualengier he Mees 2 Long Island to New: Jersey; scessggttend sequen even ttataeenns fecduihee Ses I
Mass: to New Jersey; sacucaxss ci anaatean ape deneaawe ae 4 eoeiemseter it ete I Mass: t6: Delaware, cae eho.scicueds He asks eee ee ee Re emtne Pees ems I Mass toy Marydatid), :2ctsisecsann od coecragediebonkichdisdeaduapeaon ane ase Oa,8esens 22-8 Oe I
THE CAPE MAY DISTRICT.*
The Cape May peninsula south of the Great Cedar Swamp, stretching from Dennisville to Sea Isle Junction, is for conven- ience regarded as a separate district. As a matter of fact, it consists of a joining of the coast strip flora and that of the | Middle District, which comes around the bay shore from the west. The Pine Barren element is also present, but in more. or less isolated patches and dilute in character.
Pine woods are comparatively scarce, and occur mainly on the
* Cf. “Scheyichbi and the Strand,” Edw. S. Wheeler, 1876, for account of the Cape May District.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 93
western side of the peninsula, while even there we find nothing like the open pitch pine woods of the Pine Barrens.
The country is largely cultivated along the coast'and in the lower portion of the peninsula, but the native flora is nowhere destroyed as in the marl belt of the Middle District.
An interesting feature of the flora of the peninsula is the recurrence of many upland species, especially about Cold Spring and Bennett, which are rare or absent between this point and the northern portion of the Middle district in Burlington and Monmouth Counties, also the presence of certain other northern
species not known elsewhere south of the fall line.
Such species are as follows:
Botrychium virginicum. Calamagrostis canadensis. Sphenopholis palustris. Poa brevifolia. Panicularia septentrionalis. Carex buxbaumii.
“ * festucacea: brevior. Arisaema dracontium. Veratrum viride. Uvularia perfoliata. Allium canadense. Blephariglottis lacera. Corallorhiza odontorhiza. Peramium pubescens. Carpinus caroliniana. Betula nigra.
Fagus grandifolia. Quercus rubra. Aristolochia serpentaria. Polygonum virginianum. Liriodendron tulipifera. Cimicifuga racemosa. Anemone virginiana. Clematis virginiana. Ranunculus hispidus. Thalictrum revolutum. Menispermum canadense. Sanguinaria canadensis. Saxifraga pennsylvanica. Saxifraga virginiana.
Heuchera americana. Geum canadensis. Agrimonia mollis. Cassia marilandica. Meibomia nudiflora. Oxalis violacea. Linum virginianum. Sanicula marilandica. Angelica villosa. Cornus florida. Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Menyanthes trifoliata. Phlox maculata. Scutellaria pilosa.
KS galericulata. Koellia flexuosa. Cunila origanoides. Chelone glabra. Pedicularis lanceolata. Pedicularis canadensis. Galium circaezans. Viburnum prunifolium. Triosteum perfoliatum. Campanula aparinoides. Adopogon virginicum. Lactuca spicata.
Aster macrophyllus. Erigeron pulchellus. Senecio aureus.
In contrast to this is a certain southern element especially noticeable to the west of Bennett and Cold Spring, but spread
94 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
more or less over the whole lower third’of the peninsula. Most of these species are restricted to the Cape May District, but a few have spread northward in the lower Middle District, and constitute the “Cape May element” referred to under that head— i. e., Pinus serotina, Paspalum membranaceum, Aristida lanosa, Gymnopogon brevifolius, Eleocharis tortilis, Hypericum adpres- sum, Gratiola sphaerocarpa, Lobelia puberula. In the same category should probably be placed Cyperus pseudovegetus, Poly- gala incarnata, and a few other species rare in the Middle Dis- trict and not yet detected on the Cape May peninsula.
A’ few of the Cape May plants also spread northward along the coast strip for a short distance.
All of the plants peculiar to Cape May, which are of southern affinities, are found immediately across the bay in Delaware, where the flora is practically the same.*
The Cape May flora numbers in all 658 species; of these there may be deducted as local intrusions 8, leaving 650 species.
None of the Pine Barren species have been deducted, since they vary so in their abundance in the Cape May district that it is impossible to say which should be regarded as true members of the flora and which as intrusions or relicts.
Considering the general range of the species, they fall into the following categories:
WIDE RANGING.
Throughout North America, ...........c. ccc cece cece ces eceacuenentenes 13 Canadian Provinces to Virginia—Florida, ............... ccc eeeuceeeeeee 182 Mainé-to: Vitginia=Florida, cscuss se eseneeaaiesieevisckeessevicwumueneys 164
Rameitig, SOUth: £0 i osc sccccia esuesataccleasya catia cuabolelad Wins ueaiearseavent N. J. Del. or Md. From Newfoundland, ............. 0c. cece cee eeees 5 3 New Britnswich:. gee snes seoesomrensiae ty axes 2 to) Nowa Scotia; ena cnuale saanaanieunas ceases fe) 2 Maine a e's iisscnatasianesliacs be iabsiviieddurssdaer annua I 2 I 0 9 7
New: iamipshi ts sis cas a cemancanigres ca acne aeespharels
*Cf. Williamson Torreya, 1909, p. 160, and Harper Torreya, 1909, p. 217, for notes on the Delaware flora and Shreve et al. Plant Life of Maryland (vol. 3, publ. Md. Weather Service, 1910) for account of that of Maryland.
.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 95 SOUTHERN ELEMENT.
Plants ranging north to............ N.J. So.N.¥. Ct.orR.I. Mass,
From Virginia, ................ I 2 I 6
N. Carolina, ........... 2 I I 7
Sy Carolingy: of wc seoccae : 2 rc) 3 2
GeORBIa,. ese oecsadacentnnes 6 2 5 8
Ploriday. .icncestcse enon 73 48 26 67
84 53 36 90
LOCAL ELEMENT.
INGw Jersey OMly, aie sigs lad qeatsioines Seaaase cements ele vob bean tute close oh als I New Jersey to Maryland, .........0.00 000. ccc ccccecececeesecectutecenes I Long Island to New Jersey, ......... cece cceeceuccetcuccucceccuneeans 3 Mass: ‘to: Dels tor Md a; wives cvs tagieninnles cadsecne wecnanuroua nate ngnoewantnna ae 6 II
Species Peculiar to the Cape May District, or Spreading Slightly nid orthward in the Middle or Coast Districts.
Pinus teeda.
“ serotina. Taxodium distychum. Coelorachis rugosa. Paspalum membranaceum.
- plenipilum. glabratum. Panicum hemitomon.
- condensum. commutatum. angustifolium. aciculare, caerulescens. wrightianum. Sacciolepis striata. Chaetochloa magna. Aristida lanosa. Sporobolus asper. ‘Gymnopogon brevifolius. Poa brachyphylla. Eleocharis quadrangulata.
« ocreata.
“
Eleocharis melanocarpa.
oe tortilis. Psilocarya nitens. Rynchospora macrostachya.
“ rariflora. (Carex buxbaumii) .*
( “ — festucacea brevior).* Xyris elata,
Juncus setaceus. Gymnadeniopsis nivea. Blephariglottis peramoena. Tipularia discolor.
Myrica cerifera.
Polygonum eciliatum.
a setaceum. Lespedeza stuvei neglecta. Galactia volubilis.
Falcata pitcheri.
Malus angustifolia. Hypericum adpressum. Hottonia inflata, (Menyanthes trifoliata).*
* Peculiar to the Cape May District so far as southern New Jersey is con-
cerned, but of distinctly boreal affinities.
Poa brachyphylla and Panicum com-
mutatum occur farther north in Pennsylvania, etc., and are not quite in the same class with the other species here listed, but their affinities are austral.
96 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Lycopus rubellus. Plantago elongata. Gratiola pilosa. Diodia virginiana. “ sphaerocarpa. Galium hispidulum.
Utricularia radiata. Eupatorium ccelestinum.
‘i juncea. Solidago elliotii.
o resupinata. Boltonia asteroides. Tecoma radicans. Pluchea foetida. Ruellia ciliosa. Senecio tomentosus.
THE MARITIME FLORA.
It is by no means as easy as would appear at first thought to separate the truly maritime plants, the halophytes of the strand and the salt marsh from plants of the coastal strip which occur along the edge of the salt marsh where it joins the upland or interior flora. Furthermore, some plants of the latter group, while strictly coastal in New Jersey, do not seem to be so else- where.
The main divisions of the maritime district are easily recog- nized: (1) the beach, (2) the sand dunes, and (3) the salt marsh.* .
On the beach we have:
Polygonum maritimum. . Sesuvium maritimum.. Atriplex arenaria. Ammodenia peploides. Salsola kali. Cakile edentula. Amaranthus pumilus. Xanthium echinatum.
Also often individuals of Cenchrus, Ammophila, Carex, Oeno- thera and Euphorbia from the dunes. On the dunes occur:
Panicum amarum. Chenopodium leptophyllum. Andropogon littoralis. Lathyrus maritimus. Cenchrus tribuloides. *Prunus maritima. Ammophila arenaria. Euphorbia polygonifolia. Eragrostis pectinacea spectabilis. Hudsonia tomentosa. *Cyperus grayi. Lechea maritima.
Carex silicia. *Polygonella articulata. Rumex hastatulus. Oenothera humifusa.
*For more minute divisions cf. Harshberger, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 623 et seq., 1902, 642-669.
A star before a name indicates that the species is not truly or exclusively: maritime and has already been discussed in another category.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 97
Also Xanthium from the beach and Psedera quinquefolia and other interior plants.
Both the Prunus and Polygonella occur commonly in the Middle and Pine Barren districts, while the Hudsonia and Lechea are occasional in the Pines,
The true salt marsh vegetation consists of the following
species :
Triglochin maritimum. Spartina cynosuroides.
ie patens. glabra. Diplachne fascicularis. Puccinellia fasciculata. Distichlis spicata. Cyperus nuttallii, Eleocharis rostellata. Fimbristylis castanea. Scirpus americanus.
» nanus.
* robustus.
Juncus gerardi.
“
Polygonum, proliferum. atlanticum.
“
Chenopodium rubrum.
Atriplex hastata.
Salicornia europea. bigelovii.
Salicornia ambigua. Dondia americana.
i linearis. Bassia hirsuta. *Acnida cannabina. Tissa oligosperma. Oxygraphis cymbalaria. *Kosteletzkya virginica. Glaux maritima. Lilaeopsis linearis. Sabatia stellaris. Gerardia maritima, Plantago decipiens.
halophila. Solidago sempervirens. Aster tenuifolius. “ subulatus. Iva oraria. Baccharis halimifolia. Pluchea camphorata.
Of these Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, Juncus gerardt, Salicornia europea, S. bigelovii and S. ambigua make up the bulk of the vegetation on the open marsh, more sandy spots sup- port Cyperus nuttallii, Planiago’ maritima, Dondia linearis, D. americana, Bassia hirsuta, Polygonum atlanticum, P. proliferum, etc., while along the edges of the creeks and thoroughfares which occur everywhere through the marshes grow Spartina cyno- suroides, Iva oraria and Baccharis halimifolia.
Solidago sempervirens and Atriplex hastata occur in almost any situation except out on the open flat marsh.
Some of these plants, notably Sabatia stellaris and Koste- letzkya virginica, grow along the border of the “upland”, and belong better, perhaps, with the following, which are usually associated with them:
7 MUS
98 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Chaetochloa magna. *Lythrum lineare.
*Chaetochloa versicolor. Eryngium aquaticum.
Echinochloa walteri. *Sabatia dodecandra.
*Festuca rubra. *Asclepias lanceolata.
Elymus halophilus. *Teucrium canadense littorale.
Fuirena squarrosa. Ptilimnium capillaceum. hispida.
Some of both of the last lists also occur in the moist hollows ainong the dunes, where we also find:
*Samolus floribundus. *Agrostis maritima. *Limosella tenuifolia. *Sphenopholis obtusata. *Zanichellia palustris. *S. obtusata pubescens.
While the species in the last three lists are typical coast plants, some of them occur also in other districts, and some are, per- haps, better referred to the coastal strip already described than to the maritime.
In salt water along the coast we find Zostera marina and Ruppia maritima, the latter extending into brackish or even fresh ponds, and where larger streams come down to the coast or where extensive fresh marshes join the brackish ones we find Scirpus: olneyi, Typha angustifolia, T latifolia and Phragmites phragmites.
Of the eighty-nine species referred to in this discussion of the maritime flora eighteen have been considered under other sections: in the preceding discussions and estimates, though, as already said, the division is sometimes an arbitrary one. These species have been starred to distinguish them from those regarded as truly maritime.
When the 71 maritime species are grouped according to their general range we find them divided as follows:
WIDE RANGING.
Canadian Provinces to Virginia—Florida, Maiié-to: VirginiasFloriday. ccicccanan aadmdoot oa deems ae aoemeenaeene nena 10 Maine to Delaware avvcet-ir mais auinanyenen decane aetelnen ooo dale duct I
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 99
NORTHERN ELEMENT.
Rafiging south to: sesay seu y vw aieas cicinke a v:ajeuisinwoneasae vaamanaiecmnres N. J. Brom Gabtad ory. 3sssss, cc cos salescossutannplevrachie-gf bascsfouiivey vases nis teenie geet 3 INGWLOUAGIANG, .a-ascsies.don avancestintaaeareate © aenigemneieneer eens mises Soe oBebosus 4 INGVas SCOUHas, gra lecorna eave nahevpellannaii enesias oies auton aes acossbacdsivindeon 4 Mai ih5 ..-x misrmeetvereaet a senteai eam Secs aia sacsuissuside dsaveca acuonsblaouaegnose 2 13
SOUTHERN ELEMENT.
Plants ranging north to............ N.J. So.N.Y. CtorR.I. Mass. From N. Carolina, ............. ° o I ° GQOOESIA, ass cuseteeecta ea orecoibeons fe) fe) I oO IGT, « cccxscrncwrpenaccieiass 4 3 3 13 4 3 5 13
Massachusetts to Maryland, ........... 0... c cece cece eee u cence een en enees I NEw! JCTSEY Ofilys cactesececsis-c aveniaaesiniees Gi payeraurece aeons aemeinean neni wes aeGneE I
WEEDS AND ADVENTIVE VEGETATION.
Important as is the study of weeds from an economic or ecologic standpoint, they have little or no significance in a geo- graphic discussion of plant life, their principal function being to aid in obliterating all trace of the original range of the native vegetation.
In the Middle district the woodland, the beds of tide-water creeks and an occasional undrained bog are all that remain of the original vegetation. All the cultivated and waste ground is given over to weeds or introduced plants.
In the Pine Barrens, however, the great bulk of the ground is still occupied by the native flora, and weeds creep in only where settlements have been established and even then not as abun- dantly as in the Middle district.
It seems as if artificial interference with the native flora was necessary to the establishment and maintenance of weeds. So soon as the ground is cleared and the sod turned, weeds appear, though previously they were unable to gain a foothold. Traffic along the roads of the Pine Barrens must bring many weed
100 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
seeds into the heart of the region, but they seldom establish themselves except when cultivated tracts give them the oppor- tunity. Even along the railroads they seldom spread beyond the artificial road-bed, and when broad, close-cropped clearings are maintained on each side of the track as a guard against fire, and: weeds do become established there, they are soon exterminated when the native vegetation is allowed to assume a normal growth.
Cultivation not only opens the way for the introduction of foreign plants brought unintentionally by man to whatever country he goes, just like the various animal pests, but it tends to develop weeds out of a portion of the native vegetation. Most native plants are exterminated immediately or in a short time after cultivation, but others seem to find ideal conditions in the altered environment and become quite as much weeds as the foreign introductions. Such species as Polygonum pennsyl- vanicum, P. aviculare, Erigeron annuus, E. ramosus, Leptilon canadense, Oenothera biennis, Lobelia inflata, Ambrosia arte- misicfolia, Tridens flavus, etc., etc., are known to be native, but all trace of their original range has been lost.
In New Jersey certain species native of the Middle district have become weeds, notably Linaria canadensis, Oenothera sinuata, Monarda punctata, etc., and these plants seem to take hold in the Pine Barren clearings more abundantly than the foreign weeds.
In the Pine Barren bogs the flooding incidental to cranberry growing is quite as detrimental to the native flora as the clear- ing and plowing of the forest. Many of the orchids, Abama, Tofieldia, and other bog species are exterfminated, but curiously enough Gyrotheca tinctoria becomes a most troublesome weed, increasing enormously in all cultivated bogs where it may be present, and Amphicarpon amphicarpon swarms over the recently erected sand dykes like a veritable weed of long standing.
Dr. Arthur Hollick has spoken of the Middle district as the “Tension Belt,” but it seems to me the real tension belt is in cleared areas in the Pine Barrens where native and introduced weeds and certain Middle district plants have managed to get a foothold and maintain themselves as long as cultivation con- tinues. When this ceases then the native flora asserts itself and seems generally able to re-establish its supremacy and extermi-
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. IOI
nate the intruders. Native weeds seem to gain the ascendancy over the foreign ones, and then the forest and underbrush gradually returns.
In old fields grown up to Andropogon grass young pines de- velop rapidly along with sassafras, followed by various smaller shrubs and herbs. In more arid sections we often find traces of a clearing with a depression marking the location of a house all covered with a growth of sand blackberry, Rubus cuneifolius, or sweet fern, Comptonia asplenifolia.
Where cedar swamps have been cut or burned over there often develops immediately an abundance of cattail, Typha latifolia; wool grass, Scirpus eriophorum, some distinctly Middle dis- trict species and often Phragmites, but soon the magnolia and alder send up new shoots, quantities of chain ferns, Woodwardia virgimica appear, and later young cedars begin to grow, and eventually the intruders are exterminated.
In West Jersey (Middle District) cultivation is seldom allowed to make a retrograde movement, and settlements are seldom abandoned as they have been among the pines. In cer- tain cases, however, I have seen examples of reforestation here just as in the Pine Barrens, only that the sweet gum is the invad- ing pioneer instead of the pitch pine. There is no evidence of invasion of the Middle District by the Pine Barren element as suggested by Dr. Hollick, the tendency being all the other way, though, as already explained, only made possible by the agency of man. The Middle District flora long ago occupied all land where surface soil conditions were favorable right up to the Pine Barren boundary and advances to-day only where those condi- tions are extended artificially into the pines.
In extensive Pine Barren settlements of long standing, as Vine- land, Landisville, Hammonton, etc., a good many native plants of the Middle district have followed the weeds and become estab-. lished where richer soil has been developed, and, while they are listed in the following pages, the fact of their origin should be borne in mind, and their presence at these stations should not be regarded as evidence that these species were originally found in the Pine Barrens.
1o2 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE COASTAL PLAIN FLORA OF NEW JERSEY.
The aim of the present work is to present facts rather than to advance theories, as it is the opinion of the writer that deductions as to the origin and relationship of our flora can be more accu- rately drawn when we have carefully prepared lists covering the more southern sections of the coastal plain, for comparison. Certain ideas, however, have suggested themselves as the collec- tion of data has progressed, which it may not be out of place to present.
In the first place, in regard to the distribution of plants in general, the writer was under the impression that plants were subject to so many irregularities that, except the trees and some shrubs, they did not accord very satisfactorily with the life zones as based upon the distribution of birds and mammals. This idea, however, proves to be wrong, as, with the exception of weeds, plants, down to the smaller herbs, seem to accord with remarkable accuracy to natural zones and areas, where the influence of man has not disturbed nature’s equilibrium. We find certain species following the austral zones in the east up to the northern ex- tremity of the coastal plain and pushing up the Mississippi valley, just as do the birds and mammals. This point is entirely lost in the brief statements of range given in the manuals. A plant of austral affinities may have a range similar to the above, reaching Massachusetts and Minnesota at the northernmost points of its range in the east and west respectively. The manuals will give its distribution as Massachusetts to Minnesota south to Florida, although it is absent from nearly half of that area, and in Penn- sylvania, for instance, occurs only in the Delaware and Ohio valleys at the eastern and western extremeties of the State. The meagreness of accurate data of this sort is a serious hindrance to the study of the geographic distribution of our plants.
The irregularities in the distribution of plants—that is to say, the departure from the boundaries of the life zones, is apparently largely due to the local nature of a plant as opposed to the free- ranging animal. Seeds washed down a river may germinate far
*
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 103
south of the true habitat of their species, and the immediate spot may be such as to enable the young plant to persist for a few years or a few generations, though it eventually perishes. So, too, when a species of plant is practically exterminated, local colonies will persist in spots where the immediate environment is suitable for their existence, while similar colonies of mammals require a very much larger area of congenial environment to prevent extermination.
Two lines of investigation are often confused in the study of geographic distribution: 7. e. (1) the study of present day distri- bution and the mapping of existing life zones and life areas, and (2) the source of the species that make up the fauna and flora of a zone or area and the centers of dispersal from which they have spread.
Dr. Spencer Trotter* has pointed out that a zodgeographic (or phytogeographic) map shows only a transitory condition, and that the boundaries of zones and the ranges of species are always changing, the rate of change corresponding with the rate of physical or climatic change which the earth’s surface may be undergoing.
Now, in studying plant distribution it seems to me we are con- stantly coming upon facts that bear upon conditions previous to those now existing; the local nature of the plant making such cases much more numerous than those that we find among verte- brate animals. And most of the apparent irregularities of plant distribution—isolated colonies, etc.— may safely be regarded as remnants of a former range of the species at'a time when different conditions prevailed.
I might say here, as will be further explained beyond, that I do not consider that the mere presence of similar soil conditions at two remote localities is in itself sufficient to account for a certain resemblance in the floras of the two spots. There have probably been physical or climatic changes which have brought the plants to both these and other regions at some previous time, and they have persisted where soil conditions remained con- genial, and disappeared and been superseded by other plants where conditions were not suited to their needs.
* Auk, 1909, Pp. 231-233.
104 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
To argue that the same plants will appear wherever suitable soil conditions are present implies that the seeds of all plants are constantly being scattered broadcast, which is certainly not the case, or we should have no trace of the very evident agreement between plant distribution and climatic life zones.
The matter of seed distribution by birds has, I think, been greatly exaggerated, and I doubt if birds exert any appreciable influence upon plant distribution except in cultivated areas.
Robins, for instance, devour vast numbers of wild cherries in western New Jersey and along the coast, and must scatter the seeds far and wide. ‘The birds are frequent over the Pine Bar- rens, and must scatter cherry stones there as well as elsewhere, and yet the wild cherry is unknown there except in a few isolated cases in cultivated spots. On the untouched floor of the sandy pine woods the cherry stones fail to germinate or to take root, but once the ground is cleared and the soil is turned by the plow conditions are changed.
Turning now to the consideration of the coastal plain flora of New Jersey, we realize that many plants of the more elevated country to the north and west have spread southward and east- ward into the coastal plain, mainly along its western border, wherever soil conditions were favorable for their support, and have replaced or mingled with the more austral flora that prob- ably originally covered the whole of southern New Jersey, so that in certain sections this element furnishes a considerable portion of the total plant life.
As has already been stated, there is also to be found. in the Piedmont region an element of the more southern flora of the coastal plain, though not so great in extent as that which this region contributes to the coastal plain. Whether these plants have spread westward from below the fall line or whether they are remnants of a similar flora to that which now covers the coastal plain, and which has been all but superseded in the Pied- mont region by the more advanced flora now found there, is a question hard to solve.
Two main causes seem to be active in governing the distribu- tion of plants—. e., climate and soil conditions. Climate, we may say, determines what species are able to exist in a certain
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 105
belt or region, while soil conditions determine their distribution within that belt. Changes in condition of either climate or soil cause changes in the distribution of plants, and, consequently, extensions or contractions of their ranges in different directions. As already explained, we have many southern plants which we often refer to as pushing northward in the coastal plain, and others of northern affinities which find their southern limit in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, these we refer to as stragglers from the north. Often both elements occur side by side in the same spot, like Schizea pusilla* and Lycopodium carolinianum, which are here such constant and noteworthy associates.
It is a nice point to determine whether ranges are being ex- tended in the same area at the same time in opposite directions or whether there has been a series of successive movements first in one direction and then in another, which have resulted in the present complex associations.
It seems most likely that changes of range due to climate have been of the latter character, and that many isolated boreal plants, such as Rhododendron, Schizea, Arctostophylos, Corema of the Pine Barrens, Geranium robertianum, Vagnera stellata, Carex buxbaumii, Menyanthes and Scheuchzeria of other parts of south- ern New Jersey, may be relics of glacial times, while plants of dis- tinctly austral affinities found far north of their normal range may be remnants of a southern flora that pushed northward when a milder climate prevailed.
Changes due to soil conditions, however, might easily take place in opposite directions simultaneously. The gradual enrich- ment of the sandy soil in various parts of the New Jersey coastal plain might readily coax southern species farther and farther north and northern species southward so long as climatic con- ditions were not prohibitive to their advance, while sand-loving plants originally brought to the same general region from differ- ent directions through successive climatic changes would be drawn into closer association where arid conditions were most
intense. * Prof. Fornald (Rhodora 1911, p. 109) seems to regard Schizaea and
-Corema as coastal plain plants which have pushed northward, while I have always regarded them as boreal species driven south to New Jersey.
106 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Some such action as the former of these two examples seems clearly to be under way, for, as has been shown, the New Jersey Pine Barrens are at present surrounded by a more advanced flora which is pushing in from all sides wherever conditions are favorable, and man is rendering no small assistance in the move- ment. Both east and west of the Pine Barrens there can be readily detected a northern and southern element apparently ad- vancing in opposite directions in a common effort to conquer the Pine Barrens. The more or less complex character of the Pine’ Barren flora to-day as regards its origin is apparently due to a combination of movements such as described above.
Of course, great physical changes in the earth’s surface in geologic time must have had tremendous effect upon the flora, usually producing climatic changes which acted directly upon plant life. Such changes, of course, were responsible for the great fall in temperature coincident with the glacial epoch. Sub- sidences, too, which are known to have occurred at different periods, must have entirely exterminated the flora of large areas.
Just how far we can correlate existing conditions of plant dis- tribution with geologic changes it is difficult to say. Most at- tempts of this sort seem to suppose a definiteness of knowledge of the time relationship of various geologic phenomena which we do not possess, and there is a tendency to assume constancy in the character of the flora of certain areas, while that of contig- uous areas is undergoing tremendous changes. Such hypotheses, so far as they attempt detailed explanations, are purely con- jectural.
Some facts, however, are clear. We know that the coastal plain was submerged at a time when the elevated Piedmont region to the west must have been covered with vegetation, and that plant life on the region north of the terminal moraine must have been for the most part exterminated during the glacial epoch. Therefore, the area between the coastal plain and the terminal moraine must have been continuously covered with plants for a much longer period than have these two regions themselves. When the coastal plain was elevated above the sea it must have received its flora from the contiguous country to the west or southwest. Furthermore, the several partial sub-
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 107
mergences of the New Jersey coastal plain after its first upheaval which are claimed by geologists* and other changing conditions may not only have resulted in several invasions of plants, but also in changes in the character of the plant life in the regions from which they came.
In every investigation in the plant life of the eastern United States we seem to find two elements—a boreal, more or less identical with the flora of northern Europe, and an austral, pecu- liarly American, and precisely the same thing is found in the study of animal life. Under prevailing conditions, however, and through adaptation certain species of animals of American aus- tral origin have become typical boreal species to-day, and doubt- less the same thing may be true of certain plants. This shows the necessity of distinguishing carefully between present geographical distribution and original source of center of dispersal of a species.
Now, supposing that the characteristic American austral flora covered the Piedmont area or a portion of it at the time the coastal plain was elevated, it is natural that it would have spread over into the new territory, or at least such species as were best adapted to its sandy stretches. Then, if from one cause or another there was an invasion of the more boreal element over the Piedmont plateau, we should probably have exactly the condi- tions that we find to-day—i. e., the survival of the earlier flora in bogs and sandy areas and its disappearance where better soil has developed in favor of the more advanced flora now prevalent.} Part of the latter is also of austral origin, but, being suited only to richer soil, did not spread to any extent into the coastal plain.
In New Jersey the vegetation is at a much younger stage of its development. In the Pine Barrens we have only sand and bog plants, while in the Middle district we encounter the more advanced type of the American austral element and the evident influx of boreal plants already referréd to from the north.
During the Pensauken period West Jersey was submerged, while the Pine Barrens were apparently cut off as an island.
“*C£ The Physical Geography of New Jersey by Rollin D. Salisbury, Vol. IV., Final Report State Geologist, 1898, especially pp. 92-170. +C£. Cowles. Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and vicinity, Bot. Gazette
XXXL, 73-108, 145-182, 1901.
108 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
This submergence and the alluvial deposits along the Delaware river valley may have hastened the destruction of the true Pine Barren flora over this area and made soil conditions suitable for a more rapid influx of the type of vegetation that at present pre- vails there, though the isolated Pine Barren islands in the Middle District would argue rather for the gradual encroachment of the present flora coincident with a gradual change of soil.
Just what elements have been instrumental in changing condi- tions along the coast to make possible the existence of the coast strip already referred to I cannot say, nor does it seem worth while to theorize at present upon the possible explanations of the presence of boreal species in the Pine Barrens or the recurrence of so many boreal forms in southern Cape May.
Lists of the coastal plain bog plants that occur in the Pied- mont area in Pennsylvania have already been given on page 46.
As to sandy ground plants characteristic of the coastal plain which occur in similar soil in the Piedmont region there are quite a number.
The following I have found on the mica slate and sandy hills of Chester or Delaware County, Pennsylvania:
Quercus stellata. Phlox subulata.
= marilandica. Galium pilosum. Rubus cuneifolius. Diodea teres, Cracca virginica, Eupatorium verbenzfolium. Stylosanthes elatior. Willugbaeya scandens (swampy Crotalaria sagittalis. spots). Ascyrum hypericoides. Sericocarpus linifolius. Lechea racemulosa. Tonactis linariifolius. Gaylussaccia frondosa. Chrysopsis mariana.
Asclepias amplexicaulis.
Others occur on the serpentine outcrops as follows :*
Pinus rigida. Meibomia obtusa. “virginiana. Strophostyles umbellata. Aristida oligantha. Pieris mariana. ies purpurascens. Angelica villosa. Baptisia tinctoria. Eupatorium pubescens. Meibomia rigida. Aster dumosus. marylandica. Phlox stibulata.
* From F. W. Pennell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. roto, 541-584.
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 109
Dr. N. L. Britton* many years ago called attention to the resemblance of the plants of the Kittatinny and Shawangunk mountains of northern New Jersey to those of the Pine Barrens, and listed the following species common to both:
Pinus rigida. Lechea racemulosa. Juncus militaris. Polygala polygama. Orontium aquaticum. Epigea repens. Quercus ilicifolia. Gaultheria procumbens. Corema conradii. Azalea viscosa.
Prunus pumila. Gaylussacia frondosa. Lespedeza hirta. Gerardia quercifolia. Cracca virginica. Solidago puberula. Lupinus perennis. Solidago bicolor.
All these isolated patches of an earlier type of vegetation in a region floristically older seem to me best explained by the assump- tion already made that they are relics of an earlier flora now nearly exterminated over the Piedmont region, but of which the present New Jersey coastal plain flora is a derivative. I claim no originality for this theory, as Dr. John W. Harshberger has explained it in detail,t basing his deductions mainly upon the consideration of the plants of the Kittatinny and Pocono Moun- tains, and Dr. Roland M. Harper has referred to it§ in con- nection with a study of bog and swamp plants. I merely wish to state that my investigations lead me to the same general conclu- sions, although, as already stated, certain other influences and elements are probably involved in the problem.
Dr. Harper brings up another interesting question in his paper, namely, the resemblance of the coastal plain flora to that of the glaciated areas on the other side of the Piedmont region. This resemblance has long been familiar to me, as during my studies of the coastal plain plants I have spent some time, nearly every year, in the mountains of Sullivan and Wyoming counties, Penn- sylvania, and have found there the following species, which also occur in the New Jersey coastal plain:
* Bull. Torrey Bot. Club XI, p. 126, and XIV, p. 187. + Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1904, p. 606-609. § Rhodora VIL, p. 69 (or VIII, p. 27).
110 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Lygodium palmatum. Xyris carolinensis. Dryopteris simulata. Juncus pelocarpus. Woodwardia virginica. Drosera longifolia. Potamogeton oakesianus. Sarracenia purpurea.
7 confervoides. Brasenia purpurea. Calamagrostis cinnoides. Nymphea variegata. Sporobolus serotinus. Triadenum virginicum. Pannicularia laxa. Jlicioides mucronata. Rynchospora fusca. Pyrola chlorantha.
= alba. a secunda.
Scirpus subterminalis. Rhododendron maximum. ie torreyi. Gaultheria procumbens. Eleocharis robbinsii. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum.
Eriophorum virginicum. Chamzdaphne calyculata. Cladium mariscoides. Limnanthemum lacunosum. Carex limosa. Menyanthes trifoliata.
“ trisperma, Scutellaria galericulata.
“canescens disjuncta. ic a purpurea.
“ leptalea. cornuta. Scheuchzeria palustris. - clandestina. Orontium aquaticum. a intermedia. Eriocaulon septangulare. Viburnum cassinoides.
Tio which may be added from the other parts of the eee region of Pennsylvania:
Carex collinsii. Juncus militaris.
Some few of these are of boreal origin and have been driven south at some time and remained as isolated colonies in New Jer- sey, but the bulk of them are identical or similar to those which Dr. Harper mentions and which I agree with him and Dr. Harsh- berger have spread from the Piedmont region into the mountains upon the retreat of the ice just as they spread into the coastal plain upon its elevation from the sea. I am able to cite more isolated colonies of these plants existing in the Piedmont region than were known to Dr. Harper, but this, it seems to me, strengthens rather than weakens the theory, as do the lists of dry ground plants common to the Piedmont and coastal plain. Both classes of plants exist, as already explained, only in isolated colonies in the Piedmont, but were bogs more plentiful in this region, and had their draining been carried on less assiduously, the evidences of this early flora would have been more frequent. As it is, farming has been carried on so exten-
PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. III
sively and land so well cleared and cultivated that anything like a natural swamp or bog is now almost unknown. ‘The introduc- tion of cattle and the influx of weeds soon work havoc with a bog or swamp so far as the botanist is concerned.
The relation between the New Jersey Pine Barrens and the coastal plain to the north and south is of interest.
With the lack of definite knowledge of the limits of the Pine Barrens and of the plants which are really characteristic of the region, it has been hitherto difficult to clearly consider the ques- tion.
Dr. Roland Harper has suggested that the New Jersey Pine Barrens form a well-defined center of distribution and are iso- lated from the Pine Barrens of Wilmington, N. C., which he re- regards-as the next clearly marked Pine Barren center as we go down the coast, although he admits that the apparent lack of Pine Barren plants in the intervening country may be due merely to lack of knowledge.
In the recent report on the flora of Maryland Mr. Forrest Shreve* shows pretty conclusively that the lack of Ptne Barren plants, so far as that State is concerned, is real. He says (p. 87) that the only Pine Barren species on the coastal plain of Mary- land are Cyperus grayi, Smilax walteri, Polygala lutea, Ilex glabra and Sclerolepis uniflora.
All of these occur locally outside of the Pines in New Jersey, though they are most abundant in that region. Of Mr. Shreves’ list of 94 characteristic plants of the coastal plain of Maryland; twenty do not occur as far north as New Jersey, but are not Pine Barren species; of the remainder 4o are restricted to the Middle, Coast or Cape May Districts of New Jersey (of which 4 have been found as stragglers in the Pines), while 28 are quite as abundant, or more abundant, in the Middle District, although they do occur in the Pine Barrens. To his five Pine Barren plants I should add from Mr. Shreves’ Coastal Plain list Ascyrum stans, which in New Jersey is quite as typical of the Pines as the five he mentions.
It is obvious from this data that the coastal plain flora of
* Maryland Weather Service, Vol. III, roro.
112 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Maryland is distinctly affiliated with the Middle District flora of New Jersey and not with that of the Pine Barrens.
The investigations of the members of the Philadelphia Botani- cal Club in the State of Delaware would indicate that conditions there are very similar, that is to say, that the New Jersey Pine Barren element in the flora is very slight.*
The so-called Pine Barreus of Long Island are decidedly weak in the characteristic Pine Barren plants and take their place with the several Pine Barren islands which are scattered here and there through the Middle District of New Jersey. Of sixty-two species listed in several papers on the subject} only twenty-six are in- cluded in my list of typical New Jersey Pine Barren plants (p. 77), the rest being equally common throughout our region or re- stricted to the Middle District. Of the twenty-six, six occur at one outlying station, thirteen at two and four at three, while only three, Dryopteris simulata, Chrysopsis falcata and Arenaria caroliniana are confined to the Pines in New Jersey, and the first two of these are not found in the more Southern Pine Barrens, the Dryopferis being possibly of boreal affinities.
It would seem, therefore, that we have in the New Jersey and North Carolina Pine Barrens the sand and bog elements of a wide-spread American austral flora, which has been largely super- seded by a more advanced element of similar origin over the rest of the coastal plain, both elements being richer the farther south we go, while along the western edge of the coastal plain, mote especially to the northward, a boreal element has spread down over the fall line to a greater or less degree.
*Cf. C. F. Williamson, Torreya, 1909, p. 160; R. Harper, Torreya, 1909, p- 217.
+N. L. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club VII, p. 81 (1880).
A. J. Grout, Torreya II, p. 49 (1902).
S. E. Jeliffe, Torreya IV, p. 97 (1904).
R. M. Harper, Torreya VIII, p. 1 (1908).
SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE
OF THE
Flowering Plants and Ferns of South- ern New Jersey
(South of the Northern Boundary of Burlington and Monmouth Counties)
With a Detailed Account of their Distribution and Time of Flowering and Fruiting.
(113)
& MUS
EXPLANATIONS.
The Synonymy consists of a reference to the original place of publication, with the type locality, and to the principal works on the region under con- sideration.
The Statement on Range of each species covers the entire State, the portion that refers to northern New Jersey being taken from Britton’s Catalogue.
The List of Localities includes all herbarium specimens examined, and also records published in Britton’s Catalogue and Keller and Brown’s List, which I have no reason to doubt, even though specimens have not been seen. When records given in these two works are not substantiated by specimens from nearby stations or for any other reason seem open to question, they are dis- cussed in foot notes. (Cf. Preface.)
When no letter is given after a locality it indicates that a specimen from this locality is in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy. Specimens in other herbaria are indicated as follows:
OHB=—O. H. Brown. P=Princeton University. H=Benjamin Heritage. S=Witmer Stone. CDL—Chas. D. Lippincott. UP=University of Penna. L=Bayard Long. C=Record taken from Britton’s NB=N. J. Agricultural Exp. Sta., Catalogue.
New Brunswick. KB=Records from Keller and T=N. J. State Museum, Trenton. Brown’s List. NY=N. Y. Botanic Garden. Kn=Records from Knieskern’s List.
CP=Phila. College of Pharmacy.
The exact location of the stations cited and some details as to the character of their flora will be found in the list of localities, p. 780.
The Keys for Identification are applicable only to the region here con- sidered, and are intentionally artificial in character, being intended merely to contrast the most obvious characters of our plants as an aid to identification. They are not supposed to take the place of a Botanical Manual, a work which all students must have.
These Keys also cover all the common weeds of our region. Their names are enclosed in brackets with foot-note references, but they do not appear in the main text.
The Flowering and Fruiting Season (By Mr. Bayard Long)—The feeling that in a local flora the actual seasons of flowering and fruiting of the species in the region under consideration are of considerable interest and value, and the realization of the unsatisfactory nature, from a local standpoint, of this sort of data as presented in the manuals have led to the present attempt to designate the flowering and fruiting seasons of the indigenous plants of
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116 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
southern New Jersey. An effort has been made to work out as accurately as possible the average seasons of bloom and fruit, but it has not been the intention to include extreme or unusual dates. The very early or very late records, usually represent individual plants in peculiar habitats or purely aberrant cases. Unfortunately, such specimens often turn up in herbaria in rather large numbers, because the average collector has a predilection to col- lect specimens in aberrant bloom, and he quite frequently neglects to note the fact on his label. Considerable care must be taken to eliminate such cases.
In many plants there is considerable variability in the time of flowering as the result of early or late springs; in others there is similar variability due to climatic or temperature differences in adjacent localities, or through ele- vation. While there is practically no variation of the last kind in southern New Jersey, there is often quite an appreciable difference in the date of flower- ing of the same species